Turkish Suffixes, Turkish Suffixes and Rules

Turkish Suffixes, Turkish Suffixes and Rules

Suffixes

A letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word to modify its meaning.

In Turkish they are suffixed directly to the noun that they modify thus forming new complete words.

In English prepositions: in, on, of, by, etc. are placed separately in front of the word they modify.

Agglutination:

In English we have many words which agglutinate (extend) to form other words.

argue can be modified with a suffix argu-meant.

Other suffixes produce argu-menta-tive, argu-ment-ative-ly

This is the way of Turkish.

This produces extended words with a different meanings.

Turkish Suffix addition

Adding suffixes:

After Turkish Unvoiced Consonants:p ç t k f h s ş

The Six Noun Conditions

The suffixes of the Noun Conditions are:

• (1) Subject Condition:


• Is the Subject [nominative] of a sentence.


• The noun in its root form without a suffix is the subject.


• The subject definite article "the" does not exist in Turkish


• The Turkish subject is understood as being definite / substantive
  adamthe man

Turkish Subject:

About the Turkish Object Condition

• (2) Object Condition:


• The Objective [accusative] is the direct object of a verb.


• It equates to objective definite article "the" in English..

Turkish Object:
does need an Object Pointer
[kapı-yı = "the" door]

• (3) Movement Towards Condition:


• Movement Towards [dative] equates to to, towards in English.


• Suffix -(y)a/-(y)e[uses buffer -y]


• -ne/-na when affixed to already extended words ending in a vowel.


• kedisineto his cat
  [kedi + is + ne]

• (4) Static Position Condition:


• The Static Postion [locative] is the condition of place.


• Suffix -da -ta /-de -te according to vowel harmony and consonant change rules.


• -nde/-nda when affixed to extended words which end in a vowel.


• masasındaat his table
  [masa + sı + nda]

• (5) Movement Away Condition:


• [ablative in grammar]


• Suffix -dan -tan /-den -ten according to vowel harmonyand consonant change rules.


• -nden/-ndan when affixed to extended words which end in a vowel.


• ailesindenfrom his family
  aile + si + nden

• (6) Ownership Condition:


• The Ownership [genitive] suffix signifies that the noun "owns" something:
  [of Mehmet, Mehmet's]


• Suffix -(n)in/-(n)ın/-(n)un/-(n)ün[buffer -n is used] when affixed plain or extended words ending in a vowel.


• onun evihis house
  o-nun ev-i

• (7) With Condition:


• [meaning: together with, and, also]


• Suffix -(y)le/-(y)la[Buffer -y is used.]


• This suffix can also stand alone as a separate word ile

• (8) Without (lacking) Condition:[meaning: without]


• Suffix -siz -sız -suz -süz "without, un-, non-, -less, dis-" gives the sense of lacking.


• It equates to without[without sugar]


• Also various negating prefixes and suffixes of English un- dis- non- -less


• [unfair, dishonest, unavailable, hopeless]

• ehliyetlicence
  ehliyetsizunlicensed
  [ehliyetli licensed]


• renkcolour
  renksizcolourless
  [renkli - coloured]


• sabırpatience
  sabırsızimpatient
  [sabırlı - patient]


• işaretsign
  işaretsizunsigned
  [işaretli - signed]


• sesnoise
  sessiznoiseless
  [sesli - noisy]


• şekersugar
  şekersizunsugared
  [şekerli - sugared, sweetened]


• namushonesty
  namussuzdishonest
  [namuslu - honest]

• (9) Containing Condition:


• [meaning: furnished with, containing, belonging to, place of]


• Suffix ‑li / ‑lı / ‑lu /‑lü gives the sense of belonging to somewhere or being contained in something.


• It equates to with[with sugar]


• Also various "additional and augmenting" suffixes and prefixes in English.


• [leafy, salty, coloured, numbered]

Turkish Containing Condition

• Londralı[Londra-lı] → a Londoner


• Londralılar[Londra-lı-lar] → Londoners


• İstanbullu[İstanbul-lu] → an Istanbuli


• İstanbullular[İstanbul-lu-lar] → Istanbulis


• İngiltereliyim[İngiltere-li-yim] → I am from England


• Bolulu[Bolu-lu] → a person from Bolu


• Çinli[Çin-li] → a Chinese Man (Chinaman)


• The meaning of furnished with is used to make attributive adjectives:


• tuzsalt → tuzlusalty


• şekerli çay → sweet tea, sugared tea, sugary tea, according to context.


• sabırpatience → sabırlıpatient


• kuvvetstrength → kuvvetlistrong


• yaprakleaf → yapraklıleafy


• çimenlawn → çimenlihaving a lawn


• yaşage → yaşlıold


• renkcolour → renklicoloured


• sesnoise → seslinoisy


• yatakbed → yataklıfurnished with a bed

An Actual Example of the "containing" suffix.

• karışıkmixed


• kaşarlı[kaşar-lı] → containing hard cheese


• sucuklu[sucuk-lu] → Turkish type sausage


• salamlı[salam-lı] → salami


• sosisli[sosis-li] → sausage


• Due to vowel harmony -li has three of its four forms.

Turkish Dependent Adverbs

-e nazarancompared with

• buna nazarancompared to this


• bunlara nazarancompared to these


• şuna nazarancompared to that


• şunlara nazarancompared to those


• ona nazarancompared to that


• onlara nazarancompared to those


• Düne nazaran bugün hava daha güzelCompared to yesterday, the weather is better today.

-e kadar up to, until, as far as.

• şimdiye kadar.[şimdi-ye kadar]up to now.


• Ankara'ya kadar.as far as Ankara.


• Gelecek pazara kadar bekleyelim.Let us wait until next Sunday.


• Çarşıya kadar gidiyorum.I am going as far as the shops.

-e doğru straight toward.

• bankaya doğru[banka-ya doğru]straight to the bank


• Eve doğru git!Go staight home!


• Evden okula doğru gidin.Go straight to school from home.

-e göreaccording to, compared to

• sana göreaccording to you


• Memed'e göreaccording to Mehemet


• Yeni plâna göre, evimizin arka bahçesi küçültülecekmiş.According to the new plan our back garden will be made smaller.

-e karşıagainst

• duvara karşı[duvar-a karşı]against the wall


• rüzgara karşı[rüzgar-a karşı]against the wind


• Garajın kapısına karşı bisikletimi bırakmışım.I believe I left my bicycle against the garage door.

-e rağmen (arb.) or -e karşın. (tur.) in spite of (pos.), despite (neg.)

• buna rağmen/buna karşın in spite of this


• bunlara rağmenin spite of these


• şuna rağmenin spite of that


• şunlara rağmenin spite of those


• ona rağmenin spite of that


• onlara rağmenin spite of those


• Her şeye rağmen/karşın başarabilirdik.
  In spite of everything we were able to succeed.


• Havanın kararmasına rağmen/karşın, yollarına hâlâ yürüyerek devam ediyorlardı.
  Despite the weather getting worse, they still carried on walking along the road.

Turkish Dependent Adverbs with ‑den / ‑dan

• -dan dolayıbecause of.


• -dan başkaexcept for, apart from, other than.


• -dan berisince


• -dan evvelbefore (in time).


• -dan sonraafter.


• Mehmet'in yaptıklarından dolayı asla başaramayız!
  Because of what Mehmet did we will never be able succeed.


• Piyanomdan başka her şeyi geri bırakacağım.
  Except for my piano I will leave everything behind.


• Saat üçten beri sizi arıyordum.
  I have been looking for you since three o'clock.


• Geçen haftadan beri hastayım.
  I have been ill since last week./ I have been ill for a week.


• Mayıs ayından evvel/önce mühendis olarak çalışıyordum.
  Before May I was working as an engineer.


• Haziran ayından sonra emekli olacağım.
  After July I shall retire (from work).