a, `à water, fluid; semen, seed; offspring, child; father; watercourse (cf. e)

a Ah! (an interjection) (Attinger, Eléments p. 414)

a-a (aya) father

a-a-ugu₍₄₎ father who has begotten, one's own true father, progenitor

a-ab-ba, a-aba (water of the) sea (cf. ab)

a-ab-ba igi-nim Upper Sea, the Mediterranean

a-ab-ba sig Lower Sea, the Persian Gulf

1. 1. h (or ^aah) (Gudea) → uh

1. 2. a(-a) who, whoever, whom, whose (interrogative and relative)

a - bal to pour out water, libate, irrigate

a-bul₅-la → abul

a-da rivalry, contention, contest, fight (Civil, AuOr 5 (1987) 18 + n. 6; Klein, AV Cagni 568 n. 29))

a-da-ab (an OB hymn rubric, a hymn of praise consisting minimally of sagida, saĝara and urubi sections)

a-da-al, a-da-lam now; current, present

a-da-man/mìn contest between two parties, (verbal) duel, disputation

a-da-man - a₅/du₁₁ to hold a contest; to dispute, debate (Attinger, Eléments 417-422)

a - dé to pour out water; to libate; to freshen (with water); to flood, be flooded (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 68f., 99)

1. 4. u₁₀ fresh water, sweet water

a - du₁₁ to water, irrigate, flood (Attinger, Eléments 477-484)

a-è-a sudden onrush of water, damburst, flood wave

kušA.EDIN.LÁ → ^kusummu₃

a-EN-da → a-ru₁₂-da

a-e štub^ku6 "carp flood," early(?) flood (Civil, AuOr 15, 52)

a-ga, a-ba back, rear (of a building), hind quarters; after; cf. a-ga-ni-šè after him

a-ga-am, a-ga-àm (etc.) artificial pond or lake for controlling flood waters (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 130f.); (an occupation, OS)

a-ga(-aš)-gi₄, (OS àga-gi₄) later, (the one) after (Civil, JNES 43, 286 n. 12; Selz, FAOS 15/1 No. 21 vii 1); cf.

àga-gi₄-a-bé later, afterwards

a-gù → A.KA

a-gàr, a-gar agricultural tract, area of field parcels, irrigation district

a-gar₅, a-gàr, a-bár lead (the metal) (Reiter, AOAT 249, 119ff.)

a-gin₇ how

a-gúb-ba lustration water, holy water

kuša-ĝá-lá leather sack

a - ĝar to flood with water; to soak, rinse

a-ĝi₆(-a) flood, flood wave

A.KA → ugu, úgu

1. 11. A-a - ĝar  → úgu-a - ĝar

a-la(-la) ululation, expression of joy

a-la → la-la

a-lá (a demon)

1. 50. ù-a roiled, disturbed, cloudy, muddy water

1. 50. UM → udu-aslum_x

1. 1000. a-ru(-k), a-má/mar-ru₁₀/uru₅(-k) devastating flood; the mythical Deluge (see mar-uru₅)

a-ma-ru-kam It is urgent! Without fail! (lit. It is like water of the tempest!)

1. 1000. ah high water, flood, inundation

1. 14. a(-àm) what, whatever (interrogative and relative)

a-na-aš(-àm), a-na-šè(-àm) why

a-na-gin₇ how, why; thus, so

a-naĝ libation; drinking water

a-ne he, she, this one (OS for e-ne) a-níĝin pond, puddle, standing water a-nir lament; grief (Emesal a-še-er)

da-nun-na(-k) (a grouping of high gods)

a-pa₄ gutter, pipe; (as beer and water libation pipe, see Civil, AuOr 5, 33)

a-ra-li (poetic term for the netherworld; the desert between Bad-Tibira and Uruk where Dumuzi pastured his flocks and was killed, see Jacobsen, JAOS 103, 194)

a-ra-zu, a-rá-zu, rá-zu prayer, supplication (for writings see Bauer, AV Klein 24-25)

a-rá way, path, course; state, condition; multiplied by, "times" (math.) ; a-rá N-kam for the nth time

a - ri, a - ru to inseminate, engender, beget

a-ri-a, `à-ri-a wasteland, desert (Civil, AuOr 5, 33)

a - ru to dedicate, donate to a deity

a-ru-a temple donation, votive gift

1. 18. u₁₂(EN)-da (Pre-Sarg. and Sarg.) copper (variant of

→ urudu)

1. 19. ig, a-si(-ig)-ga, a-sa-ga clear, clean water (mû zakûtu) (syllabic for sig₅ and sa₆(g), see Bauer, AfO 40/41, 95)

1. 19. is salty, brackish water

a - sur to pass urine, urinate

a-šà(g), aša₅(g)(GÁNA) field, parcel (for OS aša₅ see Civil, JCS 25, 171f.; Powell, JCS 25, 178-184)

a šà-ga šu - du₁₁ to inseminate, engender (later elliptically just šu - du₁₁)

a-še-er → a-nir A.TIR → eša

a - tu₅, (OS) a - tu₁₇(A.TU₅) to bathe, wash

1. 20. u₅-a bath, bathing ritual

a-zu, a-su physician

á, a_x(DA) arm, wing; branch; side (cf. da); (knife) edge; strength, force; work-force; work-period/unit (measured in days); wage(s), hire, fee, payment, expenditure (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 81-84); point in time; horns, antlers (for a_x see Attinger, ZA 87, 112)

á - áĝ to command, give orders or instructions to someone (-da-) regarding (-ši-)

á-áĝ-ĝá instruction, order; news (Attinger, ZA 87, 115)

á-an handle(?) (Attinger, ZA 87, 115f.)

á-an(-zú-lum) date palm spadix; broom

á-an-kára, an-kára, en-kára (a divine or royal weapon or staff) (Attinger, ZA 87, 182: ^áan-kára)

á-áš → áš

á - bad to open, spread the arms, wings

á-bad opened, outstretched arms, wings

á - dah to help (PSD and ePSD now read tah) á-dah help, aid; helper

á-dam settlement, habitation

á - dar to seize illegally, confiscate

á-dàra horns of wild goats, deer antlers (Steinkeller, BSA 63 n. 24) (see dàra)

á - dúb to flap the wings; periphrastic: á-dúb - a₅ á - è to rear, bring up, take care of

á-gú-zi-ga early morning, dawn

á-gùb-bu left arm, side; to the left, on the left á-ĝál mighty, powerful, strong (cf. á-nun-ĝál) á - ĝar to apply force, overpower

á-ĝi₆-ba(-a) at midnight

á-ki-ti (a festival and the temple where it takes place)

á - kúš to tire (the arms) (Attinger, ZA 87, 112)

á-kúš(-ù) adj. tired; n. tiredness; work, labor, toil; ppl.

á-nu-kúš untiring

á - lá to tie the hands, fetter

kušá-lá (a kind of drum)

á-mè(-k) arm of battle (describing a weapon, poetic)

á-nun(-ĝál) having great power, (most) powerful (cf.

á-ĝál)

á-nam-ur-saĝ heroic arm/strength/weapon (poetic)

á-sàg (a demon); (a source of sickness or death) (>

asakku)

(kuš)á-si (leather) strap; ^uruduá-si copper hinge (Van de Mieroop, Crafts 134; Civil, Iraq 23, 162)

á-sìg slingstone

á - sù(dr) to extend the arm(s), spread the wings; to proceed, march on; to sail

á-še, á-šè now (anumma); not yet (lāman)

á-ŠE^mušen swan(?) (Landsberger, MSL 8/2 130)

á-šita₄(U.KID)(-a) paraphanelia, implements (Civil, JAOS 88 (1968) 7)

á-šu-ĝìr limbs (lit. "arms, hands, and feet")

á - tuku to have strength, power

á-tuku powerful, strong, able-bodied

á-u₄-te-na (at) twilight, (in the) evening (coolness)

á-u₄-zal-le daybreak, morning

á-zi-da right arm, side

á-zi(g) high-handed action, violence

á-zi-šè by a violent act, by force

a₅(k) (ak) to do, perform, exercise, act (often as an auxiliary verb); to make, construct; to make like, make into. Certain contexts require rdg. aka or kè. It can be combined with a pronoun in forms such as hé-na, ì-na, see AV Wilcke 226. For rdg. ša₅ perhaps = ša₄ = the aux. verb *za see Cavigneaux, ASJ 9, 49ff.; Urnamma Hymn B 52 has an Ur III (?) var. ša-ša for OB AK- AK. For a comprehensive treatment see Attinger, ZA 95, 46-64, 208-275; Powell, AV Diakonoff 314-319. The OB signlist Proto-Ea 524-8 lists the values a₅, nà, ša₅, kè, and aka for the AK sign.

ab hole, opening, window, roof vent

ab, ab-ba, a-ab-ba, a-aba sea

ab-ba, ábba(ABxÁŠ) old man, elder, wise man; father; witness

ab-ba-ab-ba grandfather

ab-làl window, opening, pigeon hole

áb cow

áb-za-za (an exotic animal: water buffalo(?), zebu(?)) abgal (apkal) (a cultic profession); (mythical) sage abrig(NUN.ME.DU) (a cultic profession) (abriqqu) àbsin, ab-sín furrow

abul(la), a-bul₅-la city gate, main gate/entrance

abzu (mythological underground fresh water ocean, home of the god Enki); (a water-basin shrine in many Mesopotamian temples)

(giš)ad beam, plank; raft (so PDS A/3 6, though Bauer, AfO 40/41, 94 disagrees; see discussion of Marchesi, Or 68, 105-108, also Attinger, ZA 95, 260)

ad, ad-da father; forefather, great great-grandfather (so PSD)

ad sound; voice, cry

ad - gi₄ to advise, take counsel with (-da-), consult; to discuss; to echo, respond

ad-gi₄(-gi₄) advice, counsel; advisor, counselor

ad-KID reed craftsman, basket and mat weaver (The reading ad-kub₄ cannot be justified. Steinkeller, Sale Documents 171, therefore suggests that only adgub_x (^adKID) may be possible, based on Akk. atkuppu.)

ad - ša₄ to sob, groan, wail

ad-ša₄ wailing, lamenting (nissatu); sound (of an instrument or song)

kušad-tab reins

(giš)ád(GÍR-gunû), àddu boxthorn; thorn (eddettu) (some now read kíšig) (see Attinger, ZA 95, 263f. for detailed discussion of readings)

ad₄(ZA-tenû) crippled, lame (kubbulu)

adda/ad₆(LÚxÚŠ) (also written LÚ.ÚŠ or ad₈(LÚ- šeššigxÚŠ) and ad_x(LÚ.GAM)) (human) corpse (Veldhuis, AV Sigrist 224-6). ad₆ is also used for animal carcasses, e.g. Nik I 162 i 3.

ádda/àd(UDUxÚŠ) (also written UDU.ÚŠ or GUDx ÚŠ) (animal) carcass (Veldhuis, AV Sigrist 224-6)

addir river-crossing, ford; toll, fare, rent, hire (RLA 8, 157 Miete) (cf. má-addir ferry boat)

gišáddu(Ú.GÍR) (reading uncertain, compare ^gišád)

ag → a₅

aga (a kind of crown, "tiara, diadem"); (an axe)

àga-gi₄-a-bé later, afterwards (see a-ga(-aš)-gi₄) àga-kár/ŠÈ - sì to conquer, defeat (cf. àga - kár to

defeat) (Klein, AV Tadmor 310f.; Steinkeller, WZKM 77, 188f. + n. 17)

àga-rí(n) → aĝarin

àga-ús, aga-ús constable, guard, bodyguard; soldier (Lafont, CDLI 2009:5, 9ff.) (ālik urki 'one who goes behind')

agargara(NUN)^(ku6) (a fish or fish spawn)

agrun(É.NUN) (a sacred building or room); (an epithet of the abzu) (Attinger, ZA 95, 268)

áĝ to measure out, mete out; to pay (esp. in grain)

áĝ - gi₄ to kill (Jacobsen & Kramer, JNES 12, 185 n. 68)

aĝarin(AMA.^dINANNA), àga-rí(-n) mother (creatress); (fertile) soil; mold, crucible; mixing basin (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 239)

aĝrig steward (PSD A/3 translates "housekeeper")

ah, ^aah (in Gudea) → uh ak → a₅

àka(ŠID) fleece; tuft of wool akan(UBUR) udder, teat, nipple akkil cry, clamor; acclaim túgaktum(A.SU) (a garment) gišal mattock, hoe, "pickaxe"

al - a₅ to hoe, work with the hoe

al - du₁₁ to desire, want; to request, ask for, demand (Attinger, Eléments 429-438)

gišal-ĝar (a musical instrument) (PSD A/3 147 translates: (a lyre)) (Attinger, ZA 95, 270)

gišal-ĝar-sur/sur₉(-ra) (a musical instrument, probably drumstick) (Veldhuis, AfO 44/45, 119f.; Attinger, ZA 95, 270)

al-la-nu-um oak; acorn

al-lub^ku6, al-lu₅(b) (older rdg. al-lul) (crayfish or crab)

al-tar construction work (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 231-5)

(d)alad(LAMMAxBAD) male guardian angel, male counterpart of → ^dlamma

alal(ŠIDxA), alal_x(ABxA) conduit, pipe

alam, alan figure; statue. PSD A/3 170a calls alam the preferred phonetic form. A reading alaĝ based on the important reference PEa 845 (Jx) a-la-áĝ, is doubted by Krecher [privately circulated correction sheet to his AV Matouš II article] and by J. Bauer, Or ns 43, 129. See also Yoshikawa, ASJ 12, 344-347.

alim bison (kusarikku)

alim-ma honored one (kabtu)

am wild bull am-si elephant ama mother

ama-a-tu → ama-tu ama-ab, ama-ad parents

ama(-ar) - gi₄ to free, manumit

ama(-ar)-gi₄ manumission, freedom

ama-ér(-ra) wailing woman, female mourner

ama-érin(-na) elite troops AMA.GAN(.ŠA) → šagan_x AMA.^dINANNA → aĝarin, amalu

ama-tu(d), ama-a-tu house-born slave (cf. ama₅)

ama-ugu₍₄₎ mother who has born, one's own true mother

ama₅, (ama) private quarters of women and young children (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 76-78) (cf. é- mí)

ama₅-kalam-ma storehouse/dwelling-quarters of the land (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 78)

amalu(AMA.^dINANNA) (personal) goddess

amar calf; young of other animals

damar-utu(-k) Marduk, patron-deity of Babylon

amaš sheepfold

ambar marsh, swamp

an sky, heaven; the sky god An

an, an-na high, tall (cf. ùn and ĝi₆-ù/un-na)

an-bar, an, KÙ.AN iron (Reiter, AOAT 249, 244ff.)

an-bar₇ noon, noontime heat an-dùl shade, cover; protection an-eden-na high plain, steppe an-ĝá and still, even so

an-kára → á-an-kára

an-ki heaven and earth, the universe

an-na (or AN.NA, perhaps to be read niggi or nagga) tin; iron(?) (Reiter, AOAT 249, 259ff.)

an-pa heaven's top, zenith

an-šà heaven's middle, middle of the sky

an-šár heavenly sphere, whole sky

an-ta above, from above, down; in front; prefix (grammatical term)

an-ta-sur-ra (a Lagash geographical area); (obsidian?)

an-ub-da-límmu-ba the four world quarters

an-úr base of heaven, horizon

an-usan, an-ú-sa₁₁-an evening

an-za-gàr tower, (fortified) outpost anše donkey; (equid in general) anše-bará-lá pack ass ANŠE.KUR.RA → sisi

anše-kúnga (ANŠE.BARxAN) mule (offspring of a donkey and an onager) (Heimpel, BSA 8, 89-91; RlA Maultier)

anše-zi-qùm equids kept at royal road stations (Ur III) (Heimpel, RA 88, 5-31)

anzu(d)^mušen, ánzu(d)^mušen (a mythological lion-headed eagle, symbol of Ninĝirsu & Ninurta) (also with phone- tic indicator ^ananzu^mušen, older reading ^danzu^mušen, see Borger, AOAT 305, p. 171). For derivation from

/imdugud/ see Jacobsen, AV Kantor 129 n. 18.

gišapin plow

apin-lá tenancy, rent; tenant, lessee; cultivator (Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 114 n. 5)

apkal → abgal

ar-ga-núm (a resin)

ár, ar, a-a-ar praise

ár - a₅/du₁₁ to praise (Attinger, Eléments 439f.)

àr to mill, grind flour na4àra mill, millstone àr-dú → HAR-tud, ìr arad, árad → ìr

arhuš compassion, mercy; womb (rēmu) (Civil, AV Hallo 78 + n 21)

gišásal(A.TU.GAB.LIŠ) Euphrates poplar(?) (şarbatu)

asil(a)(EZENxLÁL), asil-lá acclaim, paean, jubilation

aš(a) v. and adj. (to be) one, alone, unique (cf. dili) (Edzard, AV Klein 99f.)

áš, á-áš, aš curse

áš - a₅/bal/du₁₁ to swear at, insult, curse (Civil, JNES 43, 294; Attinger, Eléments 445-450)

munusáš-gàr female goat (reading zèh is obsolete; Heimpel, BSA 7, 116ff. reads ašgar)

àš six (Edzard, AV Klein 102)

aša₅ → a-šà

ašgab leatherworker

dašnan (a goddess figure personifying emmer wheat) (see also ^dezinu)

az bear

azlag_x(LÚ.TÚG), azlag_3-6 fuller, washerman (also conventionally read àšlag, etc.; see Yuhong, AV Klein 394f. for writings and etymology) (ašlāku)

B

ba to allot, distribute, assign, divide up, give a gift or share; to reduce, diminish, deteriorate

ba allotment, share

ba^ku6 snail(?)

ba-al to dig up/out, excavate, mine, quarry (herû); to unload (a boat)

ba-al-gi₍₄₎, ba-al-gu₇ (also with fish determinative) turtle

ba-an → bán

ba-an-du₈(-du₈), ba-an-du₅ (reed, wood or copper determinative) bucket, pail; sowing basket (cf. Civil,

Farmer's Instructions p. 74 + n. 26, contra PSD B which considers the two variants to be two different words.)

ba-an-gi₄ response, answer

ba-ba(-da/za) porridge

dba-ba₆ chief goddess of Ĝirsu, consort of Ninĝirsu (for the reading see Rubio, JCS 62 (2010) 35-39 contra dba-ú argued for by Marchesi, Or 71 (2002) 161-172)

ba-da-ra dagger, a ceremonial kind of knife (Akk. patru > Sum. ba-da-ra back-loaned > Akk. patarru) (PSD B 18 'rod, prod' is not correct; see Civil, Oriental Institute website corrections to PSD) (Civil, AV Biggs 18)

ba-ri/rí-ga (a large measuring vessel = 60 sìla in Ur III)

ba-za cripple, dwarf

bà(EŠ) v. to halve; n. half

babbar, bar₆-bar₆ (PSD bábbar) v. and adj. (to be) white, shining

bad(r) to open up, spread wide, be wide apart, separate; to untie, unravel, reveal; to be distant, remote, removed; to thresh (see recently Krecher, AV Kutscher 111-116)

bad, bad-rá, bad-da open(ed), spread wide; remote

bàd (city) wall, fortification

bàd(-da) high (cf. ùn) bàd-si parapet

báhar potter (Sallaberger Töpfer passim)

bal, bala to cross over, pass by or through; to overturn turn over, around, aside, upside down, against; to change, exchange; to pour out (liquid)

bal-a-ri opposite side, shore bal-bal-e (an OB hymn type) gišbala spindle; rod, pin

bala (rotating) term of office or service, turn of duty; reign; cf. bala-gub-ba term of duty

bala(-šè) - a₅ transport (for trade)

balaĝ harp (some translate 'lyre'); (a large drum?); (an OB and later eme-sal lamentation, part of the temple liturgy together with the ér-šèm-ma) (Civil, AV Biggs 18; Veldhuis, AfO 44/45, 120) (balangu)

balaĝ-di harp player, lamentation singer

gišban → ^gišpan

bán, ba-an (later with wood or pot determinative) (a container and capacity measure = 6 sìla in Pre-

Sargonic texts, 10 sìla thereafter) (Steinkeller, Or 51, 359f.)

bànda, bàn-da (or bànda^da) small(er), young(er), minor, junior; short (time); impetuous, wild (note that Labat and Borger AbZ, read banda₃ rather than Deimel's banda₁, a practice now universal)

bànda young one, child, infant; offspring, progeny; attendant

gišbanšur table; offering table, altar

bappir, bàppir beer bread (a baked loaf of brewing ingredients)

bar to (make) lie/be outside, go away, send out, set aside, release, split open; to delimit, allot (fields)

bar outside, exterior; outer appearance; body; back, edge; fleece

bar alien, strange; cf. lú-bar-ra foreigner, stranger bar "liver" (as a seat of emotions), mood, spirits bar NOUN-ak-a or bar-PRONOUN-a because of,

instead of, with regard to, e.g. bar-bi-a because of this

bar - a₅ to examine, test, put to trial

bar-da, bar-dù-a crosspiece, crossbar

túgbar-dul₅ (a common garment); (describing a goat or a goat hide in OS)

bar-ĝál unshorn, with unplucked fleece

bar-lá (a canal basin?) bar-rim₄ arid, dry land túgbar-si sash, shawl

bar-su(-ga), bar-sù(-a) with plucked fleece, with fleece removed

bar-sù(d) (a rubric marking a sub-section of a tigi or

adab hymn of praise)

bar-šè out, away, toward the outside

bar-šèĝ(-ĝá) fog, mist, drizzle

bar-ta away, aside, outside

bar-ta - gub, bar-šè - gub to stand aside, keep away, stay aloof

bar - tam to examine, choose, select (periphrastic:

bar-tam - ak)

bar-udu sheep's fleece

bar-ús^(urudu) (pointed) goading stick (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 72)

bar₇(NE) to blaze, flame, burn

bára(g) (barag) (para₁₀) conventional translations: dais, throne; sovereign, ruler, king; (pack-)sack. Civil, AV Biggs 21 now reads /parak/ and translates: (1) 'curtain of separation' (around the area reserved to the king and royal family or to a deity in a temple); fig. 'royal person, royal abode' (parakku); (2) 'a package made with sackcloth' (bašamu, saqqu)

bára-mah high dais

bára-si-ga socle

bàra(g), ba-ra(-g), (pàr) to spread out (upon), strew

bi-iz → biz bí-za-za frog

bi₇(d), bìd n. excrement, dung; anus(?); v. to defecate

bibra(HÚL)^mušen (a bird); (a bird-shaped cup) (Veldhuis, Education 224)

bíl to heat, burn, scorch

bíl-ga (fresh) fruit; (male) ancestor, cf. pa-bíl-ga bíl-lá → pe-el-lá

bíl-lá, bíl-la hot

bíl-lá-bé, bíl-la-bé heatedly, feverishly, ardently

biluda, bi-lu-da, pì-lu₅-da, be₆-lu₅-da bēlūtu, Steinkeller, JNES 46 (1987)

58. Cf. Steible, AOAT 253, 380f.)

bir (reduplicated: bir-bir-re, bi-ib-r(e), bi-bi-r(e)) to scatter, disperse

bír v. to shrivel, wrinkle; adj. flacid, shriveled

*bìr → sur_x, érin (rdg. bìr is now obsolete; see Steinkeller, WZKM 77, 192, JNES 46, 58f.; Selz,

UGASL 43 n. 178)

bir₄ to bake (bricks, pottery) (pronunciation is uncertain)

bir₅(NAM)^mušen locust (Veldhuis, Education 224) bir₆, bir₇, bir to rip/break to pieces, shred, tear biz(BI), bi-iz to drip, drop

-braš (wr. -ib-ra-aš, ba(r)-ra-aš) to fly (loan from the Akk. root prš)

bu(r), bù(r), bur, búr, bu_x(PAD) (variant bu-ús, Emesal zé(r), zé-zé) to pull, rip, tear, pluck out, uproot, extract, extirpate; to drain (water) (Molina, JNES 63, 5-7)

bu → bú

bu-lu-úh, bu-luh, bu-úh, bu-bu-luh to quiver, shudder, be frightened

bu-lu-úh/buluh - si-il to belch, burp

bu-ud-ba-ad - za to thud (an onomatopoetic construction, see Civil, JCS 20, 117ff.; Black, AV Wilcke 35ff.)

bu-ús → bu(r)

bú, bu, pú to flit, rush about

bugin, bunin (multiple spellings exist, middle/last consonant may be /ĝ/) bucket, trough

bul (bu₅), to blow, blow up, fill with air

i7buranun(-na) Euphrates

bùru (bùr) (area measure = 18 iku = 1800 sar = ca. 63,510 sq. meters) (Yuhong, AV Klein 391)

bùru(d) (bùr) n. hole, pit, depths; depth; v. to make a hole, pierce, break into, burgle; to be deep, deepen; to penetrate, understand; adj. deep

buru ^mušen (bur ) (a small bird that lives in flocks,

5                         5

bulug chisel; needle, pin; seal-pin (Civil Oriental Institute website corrections to PSD B); latch-pin(?); border-marker(?); axis

bulug-KIN-gur₄ (surgical) lancet

bùluĝ to grow up, rear children or young, make grow, ripen; to be great, to elevate

bùluĝ, bulùĝ-ĝá foster-child

bunga(NITA₍₂₎.GA) child

bur (stone) bowl, vessel (Yuhong, AV Klein 391)

bur-gi₄-a (a kind of offering)

bur-gul stonecutter, engraver

bur-saĝ (a servant); (a building used for storage of offerings, see Heimpel, JCS 33, 106)

bur-šu-ma old woman, matron, matriarch

bur-zi (a kind of bowl)

úbúr (a kind of grass)

búr to free, loosen, release; to reveal, explain, interpret (dreams); to undo, nullify (curse, sin, anger); to spread widely, spread out over, cover (cf. á - búr, ki-búr, múš - búr)

búr, bu, bu₇ to glow, shine

búr-ra(-ah) (an architectural term)

búr-ra-bé openly, publicly

possibly a sparrow); locust (OB and later) (Veldhuis, Education 229-231)

buru₅-habrud(-da)^mušen partridge(?) (işşur hurri) (Veldhuis, Education 231-233)

buru₁₄ harvest, crop; harvest time

D

da, da(g) side; near (cf. Krecher, ASJ 9, 88 n. 39); cf.

da-gu₁₀ at my side (Or ns 54, 57:18)

DA → á

da-ga-an, da-ga-na, daggan(KI.GIŠGAL) bedroom, private room (Krecher, ASJ 9, 88 n. 39; Civil, AV Biggs 18) (dakkannu)

da-gi₄-a, dag-gi₄-a district, ward, city quarter (bābtu); cf. ùsar da-gi₄-a neighbor (Steinkeller, Sales Documents 242f.)

da-ri, da-rí lasting, eternal (cf. Akk. dārû)

da-ri/rí-šè forever

da - ri to lead at one's side (so Selz, ASJ 17, 251ff., who reads the verbal root as /dri/; cf. maš-da-ri-a)

dab₅, dab, dab₆/da₅(b) to fasten onto (-a), hold onto, detain; to seize, take (with -e/a); to be attached to, employed at (-da) (often elliptical for šu - dab₅)

dab₆ to go around, circle (lawû) (some read da₅) dabin(ZÌ.ŠE) barley meal or flour

dadag v. and adj. (to be) (cultically) pure, (legally) exonerated

dag to move, run about, roam

dag-gi₄-a  → da-gi₄-a

daĝal v. & adj. (to be) wide, broad, vast, far-reaching, widespread; n. breadth

daĝal-bé broadly

daĝal - tag to spread wide

dah to add (to); to do, say, give in addition; to help (ePSD now reads tah)

gišdal, dal_x(HU) crosspiece, traverse beam (tallu)

dal to fly

dal, dal-a, dal-dal flying, in flight

dal-ba-an(-na) in between (area)

dalla - è to be visible, apparent, manifest; (to shine

dàra, darah, dara₄ Persian wild goat, bezoar (Steinkeller, SEL 6, 3-7; BSA 8, 50) (PSD A/2 109

reads tarah, ePSD reads durah_.) dàra-maš wild goat stag

dé to pour

dè-dal ashes

de₅(g) → na - de₅(g)

de₅(g) to pick up, gather up, collect; to remove, plunder (Sallaberger, AV Klein 250) Many still read ri(g); Selz, ASJ 17, 260 reads /dri/.  See also Steinkeller, JCS 35, 249f.

de₅-de₅-ga collected (dead animals or people) (technical term in Girsu and Umma, Heimpel, BSA 8 138 n. 80; Sallaberger, AV Klein 250)

de₆ → túm

di → du and du₁₁

di(d) court case, lawsuit, claim; verdict, judgment

forth in radiance, be/make resplendent, splendid, i.e. near synonym of pa - è ?) (šupû)

di - dab₅

to render a verdict

dam spouse, wife, husband

dam-bànda^da secondary or junior wife, concubine

dam-gàr merchant (tamkāru)

dam-ha-ra tamhāru)

dam-ha-ra - a₅ to do battle with (-da-)

di - du₁₁ to sue, go to court, trial, litigate with (-da-) (Attinger, Eléments 459-464)

di - ku₅(dr) to judge, render a verdict

di-ku₅ judge; judging (cf. ki di-ku₅) di₄(l) smaller (Civil, OrAnt 21 (1982) 12)

di -di (-lá) little ones, youngsters, children

4        4

danna(KASKAL.GÍD), da-na double hour (a distance measure, ca. 6.6 miles)

dan₆(UŠxTAG₄) to clean, wash (Steinkeller, OrAnt 19, 83-84) (cf. gáb-dan₆ cleaner)

dar^mušen francolin (ittidû)

dar to split

dar-ra split, fileted (fish)

(reduplicated form of tur) W. Farber, Mesopotamian Civilizations 2 (1989) 9 reads du₁₃-du₁₃-lá.

dib to pass, go, move (by, along, or beyond); to walk (along), tread; to pass in review (at an inspection, see Heimpel, BSA 8, 120)

dida sweet-wort

didli dili-dili)

diĝir (conventionally dingir) god, goddess

dili one, single, individual, lone, unique (Edzard, AV Klein 99)

dili-bé, dili-bi-šè alone, by oneself

díli(m), dílim spoon; shallow dish, balance-pan (of a scale) (Civil, AV Biggs 23)

gišdim post, mast

gišdim-gal, ^gišdimgul mooring-pole (tarkullu)

dím to fashion, form, create, build; to make like, make into (-šè)

dím-ma ţēmu)

gišdimgul → ^gišdim-gal

diri(g) to float, drift, glide; to sail (downstream)

diri(g) to be more than (-a, see FAOS 5/2, 289), greater than, exceed, surpass; to be excessive, extra, surplus, additional; (also used as adj. and noun)

diri-bé, diri-šè overwhelmingly, even more; cf. diri- zu-šè 'more than you'

diš one (the counting word?); a single, certain one (Edzard, AV Klein 99f.)

du to come, go, move (about) Forms include: du imperf. sg.; ĝen perf. sg.; su₈(b) imperf. pl.; (e)re₇ (OS er_x(DU.DU)) perf. pl.; di present participle (atalluku, Sefati, Love Songs p. 159); ĝe₂₆(n) in imperatives

du₅-mu → dumu

du₆(l) hill, hillock, mound, 'tell' (often confused with habrud, see Yuhong, AV Klein 374-381, who states that the Auslaut is /l/; cf. OS Fara name A-du₆-la WF 42 iv 5) ePSD assumes a /d/ Auslaut; Steinkeller, AV Biggs 219 n. 2 provides references for /dr/) (tillu)

du₆-kù The Holy Hill (a primeval residence of the great gods, cf. the Greek Mount Olympus. See Hruška, WZKM 86, 161-175)

du₆-úr, du₆-ùr (the name of the ziggurrat in Ur) (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 334-338)

du₇(dr) v. and adj. (to be) complete, perfect, unblemished (šuklulu); (to be) fitting, proper, suited for, becoming to (wasāmu, see Attinger, ZA 88, 182 n. 64; Sjöberg, AV Wilcke 263 + n. 29 ) cf. šu - du₇

du₇(dr?) to batter, gore, attack

du₈ opening (petû) (Yuhong, AV Klein 378)

du₈(h/r) to release, free; to let go of, fall away, hang down, fall free; to wean; to redeem, ransom; to open, untie, take off; to bake; to caulk, spread (the last two may be separate or different verbs)

du₈(b) to equip richly, adorn; to heap up, fill up (possibly a variant of dub)

du -du -a richly laden, equipped

(Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 134f.; Sallaberger,                         8         8

AV Schretter 557ff.)

DU → ku₄(r), túm

du-lum misery, suffering, hardship

dú → tu(d)

dù to build, erect, make; to plant; to apply, affix, make

(na4)du₈-ši-a topaz(?)

du₉ to churn

du₉(n), dun₅, (sun₅) to be humble; to be subordinate to, under the authority of (cf. the OS adj. dun-a subordinate to, in the charge of)

du -na (sun -na) humble

fast, build onto; to detain, hold back; to drive in, insert .                     9                       5

Some now read drù (cf. rú).

DU₃ → rú

dù-a(-bi) all (of it/them)

du₉-na-bé, du₉-né-eš humbly (ašriš)

du₁₀(b), du₁₀-ub knees, lap

du₁₀(b) - bad to stride, run

du₁₀(b) - gurum to lie down, rest (said of animals)

du₁₀(b)-tuku having strong legs (for running)

du₁₀(g) (dùg) to be good, pleasing, enjoyable, sweet (fig.); to enjoy, relish

du₁₀(g), du₁₀-ga good, pleasant, fine, sweet

du₁₀-du₁₀-ga best, finest

du₁₀-ge-eš finely, sweetly (said of the voice)

du₁₀-sa companion, comrade

du₁₁(g) (dug₄) to do, use (aux. verb); to act or serve as. Forms include: du₁₁ perf. sg.; e perf. pl. & imperf.; di present participle & infinitive (later, rarely, finite imperf.)

du₁₁(g) to say, speak (elliptical for inim - du₁₁)

du₁₂ (short form of → tuku, seen especially when reduplicated)

du₁₄ quarrel (with /d/ or /dr/ Auslaut, see Attinger, Eléments p. 466f. )

du₁₄ - mú to incite a quarrel

dub tablet, document

dub to heap up, pour in piles

dub-ba-an, gi-dub-ba-an(-na) reed fence-post, fence of bundled reeds (Alster, Dumuzi's Dream p. 95-96)

dub-dab₅ - za to thud, batter (an onomatopoetic construction, see Civil, JCS 20, 117ff.; Black, AV Wilcke 35ff.)

dub-lá gatehouse, gateway(?); foundation platform, terrace; canal locks(?)

dub-saĝ first (mahrû)

dub-sar scribe

dub-šen (treasure) chest (as part of temple furnishings); foundation box

dúb to tremble, shake, quake; to flutter, flail, flap (hands or wings)

dubsig(ÍL) (or dupsik) work basket, corvée basket (often with a wood or reed determinative; previously read dusu) (tupšikku)

dug pot, jar, vessel

kušdùg-gan bag (tukkannu)

dugud v. & adj. (to be) heavy, huge, weighty, important

duh, dudda(?) bran, chaff

dul, dùl, dul₅(TÚG) to cover; to envelop, wrap

dum-dam - za to complain (nazāmu); to howl, roar, cry out; to rejoice (Sjöberg, AV Limet 126f.)

dumu child, son, daughter; citizen (of a particular city); (member of a class, group, craft) Emesal du₅- mu

dumu-gi₇(-ra) free or 'conditionally free' person (cf. ASJ 11, 217), freeborn citizen; noble, princely child; aristocrat (Cooper, Curse of Agade p. 240) (Maiocchi, CUSAS 13, 39)

dumu-KA (a kinship term, 'descendent' or the like) (Sjöberg, AV Falkenstein 209-212)

dumu-munus daughter (some read dumu-mí; reading dumu-sal is obsolete) (logogram is an Akkadian innovation, not attested before Ur III; see Steinkeller, Or ns 51, 358)

dumu-nita(h) male child (see also ibila(DUMU. NITA) (male) heir)

dun to dig

dun to weave

dun(-a) v. and adj. (to be) under the authority of, subordinate to (see du₉(n))

dun₅ → du₉(n) dungu(IM.DIRI) cloud

dur cable, cord (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 132); umbilicus; bond, link

dur-an-ki(-k) Bond of Heaven and Earth (poetic term for Enlil's temple complex in Nippur)

dúr, dúr-ru(n), durun_x → tuš

dúr base; bottom (the body part, cf. MSL 9, 65:92 Ugu-mu Susa); seat, residence (išdu, šaplu)

gišdúr seat (of a chair); bottom board, wooden bottom

dúr-bi-šè, dúr-ra-ni-šè at the bottom or back, in last place (physically or in a scale of values) (Civil, JNES 43, 285f.; AuOr 7, 147)

dúr - ĝar to take a seat, settle, establish residence (for reading cf. Shulgi F 24 dúr-ra-ni bí-ì-ĝar)

gišdúr-ĝar chair, throne (durgar(r)û) (Steinkeller, JNES 52, 144)

urududur₁₀(ŠEN) (an ax)

urududur₁₀-al-lub (a war ax with curved handle or semicircular blade) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 149- 151)

urududur₁₀-tab-ba double-ax (Civil, AuOr 5, 22f.)

duru₅, dur₅(-ru) wet, moist, damp; irrigated; fresh (i.e. not dried or as opposed to dry)

imdurun-na, ^imtu-ru-na oven (Civil, JCS 25, 172-175)

gidusu(ÍL) (read now → dubsig)

E

e Hey! (an interjection) (Attinger, Eléments p. 178)

e → du₁₁

e, ég, e₄(A) (raised) irrigation ditch, embankment, levee, "a broad earthen wall which accomodated a ditch or small canal running along its top" (Steinkeller,

JAOS 115 [1995] 543) (iku) (conventionally read e, but

see Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 109-113, 136 n. 2) e-el-lu, e-li-lu, e-lil-la (a shout of joy, a work cry) kušE.ÍB (read ^kušguru₂₁/kuru₁₄?) belt, girdle

kušE.ÍB-ùr (siege-)shield (Attinger, ZA 88, 182 reads

e-ki-sur-ra boundary ditch

e-ne (older a-ne) he, she

e-ne - du₁₁(g) to play, dance (Attinger, Eléments 468-

474) (cf. éšemen)

e-ne - sù(-ud) to copulate (Attinger, Eléments 474- 477)

e-ne-šè/éš → ì-ne-éš

e-pa₅ (raised) irrigation ditch

e-sír street

kuše-sír, ^(e)èsir(LAK 173) sandals (see Civil, Or 56, 237, also Steinkeller, AfO 28, 140f. for the OS writing)

é house, household, estate; temple (Read now `à or à`, pronounced [ah] or [hah]? Some Auslaut must be posited to account for the common writing é-a-ni rather than é-ni.)

É (read `à or à` as an older variant of a "water")

é-ba-an, é-pa-na pair

é-babbar (the temple of of the sun-god Utu in Larsa and Sippar)

é-bappir (possibly é-lunga in certain contexts) brewery

é-dù-a built-up house lot, improved real estate

é-dub-ba(-a) school; storehouse (in some contexts read

é-kìšib-ba?)

é-duru₅ village, hamlet

é-éš(-k) jail (Civil, AV Hallo 75)

é-éš-dam → éš-dam é-gal palace

é-gar₈ wall

é-gi₄-a (prospective) daughter-in-law, bride

é-itima dark room, cella (divine or royal inner chamber, bedchamber)

é-kišib-ba warehouse, storehouse

é-kur (the temple of Enlil in Nippur)

é-lunga(n) brewery (see LSUr 306; perhaps read é- bappir in certain contexts)

é-mar-URU₅, mar-URU/ru₁₀ quiver (Eichler, AV Hallo 90-94; Civil, JCS 55, 52)

é-me-eš summer

é-muhaldim cookhouse, kitchen

é-nì-gur₁₁(GA)-ra treasury (but see disc. under ĝar for rdg. -ga-ra)

é-ri-a → a-ri-a

é-su-lum-ma rope-box

é-šutum(GI.NA.AB.TUM/DU₇) storehouse (šutummu) (Pettinato AV Römer 278f.)

è(d) to come, go forth; to withdraw, remove, bring out

e₁₁(d) to go up, down; to bring down, raze eb oval (traditionally read ib) ébih(ÉŠ.MAH) heavy rope (ebīhu)

eden (edin) plain, steppe, desert

eden-líl haunted steppe

ég → e

eger (egir) back, rear (side); behind, after; inheritance

eger-u₄-da(-k) future days

égi(MUNUS+GI₇), egi(GI₇) (or ègir, égir) princess, mistress (Steinkeller, AV Klein 305-310)

égi-zi faithful princess (an OB cultic office, also égi- zi-an-na) (egişītu) (Steinkeller, AV Klein 301ff. and in Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996) 122)

ellag block, ball

eme tongue; language, speech; blade

eme-gi₇(r) (eme-gir₁₅) native(?) speech (the main dialect of Sumerian)

eme-sal fine speech (the women's dialect of Sumerian, used in laments and temple liturgies and for direct speech of goddesses)

eme-sig base speech, slander, calumny

eme-sig - gu₇ to slander, denounce

éme-da or emeda(UMxME.DA) nursemaid (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 62; ASJ 88-90)

éme-ga wet nurse (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts 62; ASJ 88-90)

ème, eme₆ female donkey, donkey mare

en lord; high priest, high priestess (Steinkeller, in Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996) 103ff.) Emesal ù-mu-un

den-ki(g/k) god of water, wisdom and magic, patron of the city Eridu

den-líl the chief earthly god, city-god of Nippur (the líl

sign is written É in OS but KID in OB)

en-na until, as long as; up to (temporal), as far as (spatial); as much as (in extent or amount)

en-nu-ùĝ, en-nu-uĝ₅, en-NUN watch; watchman, guard (cf. MSL XII 101:107, 116:14 contra Krecher, AV Matouš II 37)

en-nu(-ùĝ) - a₅ to guard, watch

en-šè, en-na-me-šè how long?

en-te-en, en-te-n(V) winter

èn-du song (zamāru) (J. G. Westenholz, AV Klein 348-350)

èn - tar to ask, question, investigate; to take care of, attend to, tend

engar plowman, farmer

engiz(EN.ME.GI), éngiz (OS) temple cook

engur depths (synonym of abzu.) enkara, en/an-kará → á-an-kára enku(dr) fishery inspector

enkum temple treasurer, tax collector; (a mythical servitor of Enki; the female equivalent is ninkum)

enmen, énmen thirst (ePSD reads now immen) ensi(EN.ME.LI), énsi (OS) dream interpreter

énsi(k) ruler, governor; farmer (iššiakku) (Jacobsen, AV Civil 113-121; Sjöberg, AV Limet 125; Frayne, RIM Early Periods 1, 15f.) In early Sumerian also written ensix(GAR.ENSI₂) or ensix(ENSI₂.GAR); cf. Hallo, Titles 35ff. (Emesal ù-mu-un-si)

ér, ír tear(s); lament, wail

ér-du₁₀-ga tears of joy

ér - du₁₁ to perform a lament (Attinger, Eléments 501- 507)

ér - pà(d) to produce tears, (begin to) cry

ér - še₈(š) (šéš) to cry, weep

ér-gig - še₈-še₈ (ši-ši) to weep bitter tears

ér-šà-hun-ĝá (a type of 1st person Emesal penitential prayer)

ér-šèm-ma (a short Emesal lament or penitential hymn, later a part of the temple liturgy)

ereš(NIN), eriš lady, queen (see Marchesi, Or 73 [2004] 186-189 on reading nin vs. ereš)

ereš-diĝir the human consort of a god (= the female en); the attendent or companion of a goddess (dependent upon the date of the text) (The reading nin-diĝir is conventional, but the dictionaries now read ereš-diĝir. See Flückiger-Hawker, Urnamma p. 171 and the exhaustive discussion by Steinkeller in Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East (Heidelberg, 1996) 120ff.)

érim evil; enemy (some read ne-ru) érim-du evildoer; inimical one érim-ĝál evil, hostile

èrim, èrin, erim/n₅ storehouse, treasury

gišeren (^gišerin) cedar (tree, wood)

érin workers, work-gang; conscripts (Durand, CDLJ 2009:5, 12); troops (Ur III and later; for OS read → sur_x) (Selz, UGASL 43 n. 178; Steinkeller, NABU 1990/12)

gišérin → ĝiš-rín gišés-ad trap, snare gišesi(g) ebony na4esi(g) diorite esir, ésir bitumen

ésir-a-ba-al (a kind of bitumen)

ésir-é-a refined(?) bitumen

ésir-HÁD dry(?) bitumen (see HÁD) eš, eš₅ three (Edzard, AV Klein 100f.)

eš-bar, èš-bar oracle, divine decision, revelation

eš-bar - kíĝ to provoke an oracle, seek a divine decision (paraphastic: eš-bar-kíĝ - du₁₁, see Attinger, Eléments 507f.)

eš-da (a cultic vessel, variant of šita)

éš rope, measuring-line; a length measure = 10 nindan

= 20 gi = 120 kùš = ca. 59.4 meters

éš-dam, é-éš-dam inn, tavern; brothel(?) éš-gána field surveyor's measuring-line éš-gàr assignment; song series, collection éš - gíd → lú-éš-gíd

ÉŠ.MAH → ébih

èš shrine, sanctuary (a smaller establishment than an é

temple, see Allred, AV Sigrist 12)

èš-èš (a regular offering held 2-4 times monthly at the lunar phases) (eššešu)

eša(A.TIR) (a kind or quality of flour, sasqû)

éšemen(KI.E.NE.DI.^dINANA) jump-rope (keppu)

eškiri(U.ENxKÁR), éš-kìri nose-rope, lead-rope (cf. Veldhuis Education 175f.)

eštub^ku6 (a kind of carp or barb)

ezem, ezen (i.e. ezeĝ?) festival

dézinu (grain goddess, divine personification of emmer wheat, grain) (also read ^dašnan)

G

ga milk; suckling (as attribute of animals)

ga-àr(a), gára, ga'ara(LAK 490) cream; cheese made without rennet (modern kišk) (see Civil, Or 56 (1987) 234f.; Stol, BSA 7, 104ff. with proposed etymology of

E.R. Ellison: "milled (grated) cheese"; Teuber, BSA 8, 26ff. for origin of ga'ara sign) Note that ePSD now separates gamur_x(LAK490) , gára "cream" from gára, ga-àr "cheese" (eqīdu).

ga-ba-ra, gáb-ra (OS) herder, herding-boy

ga-ba-ra-hum rebellion (Michalowski, Lamentation p. 78)

ga-eš₈(KASKAL) (or ga-raš) traveling merchant, import-export merchant; collector of tax or customs dues (also wr. gáeš(KASKAL.GA) in OS) (Sjöberg, AV Limet 129)

ga-eš₈ a-ab-ba seafaring merchant

ga-eš₈ - bar → ka-aš - bar ga-i-ti-ir-da buttermilk

ga-ki-si(-im)-ma clabber (cf. the yoghurt-like modern Iraqi lebn)

ga-lam → galam

ga-na Up! Come on! (interjection)

ga-raš^nisi leek

gišga-ríg comb

ga-ša-an (Emesal for → nin)

ga₆(ĝ) in ga₆(ÍL)-ĝá (var. ga-an-ĝá, gan-ĝá) to trans- port (Waetzoldt NABU 1992 No. 16) Cf. the phonetic spelling iti-ga₆-ga₆-è for standard iti-gan-gan-è, Steinkeller, Sales Documents 225. Relation to íl(-la) is unclear; they can cooccur. But only ga₆ occurs at Garšana, thus probably a geographical dialect feature.

ga'ar(a)(LAK 490) → ga-àr gáb → gùb

gáb-, gan- (in frozen cohortative verbal forms used as nouns such as gáb-ra or ga-an-tuš (Selz, RA 87 (1993) 29-45)

gab₂-dan₆(UŠxTAG₄) cleaner (Steinkeller, OrAnt 19 (1980) 83f.)

gáb-gi(-in) guarantor

gáb-ra → ga-ba-ra

gaba breast, chest; front, edge, facing side; coast (of the sea); frontier; surface

gaba - ĝál to be proud, plume oneself (cf. German "sich brüsten")

gaba-gi₄ counterpart, adversary

gaba nu-ru-gú unopposable, irresistable

gaba - ri to advance against

gaba-ri rival; equal, equivalent; copy, duplicate; response, answer

gaba-šè - du to go before; to confront

gaba šu - ĝar to hold back, detain; to resist, oppose

gaba-šu-ĝar rival, opponent

gada linen garment, cloth

(giš)gag (or kak) peg, nail, cone, plug (For description of the inscribed pierced cones which recorded property sales see Steinkeller, Sales Documents 238-241.)

gakkul (brewing) vat

gal cup

gal, gu-ul v. and adj. (to be) big, large, great; older, elder, eldest

gal(-la) great, greater (see also gu-la); adv. well, greatly

gal-bé greatly, well, to a great degree, generously, in a grand manner

gal-le-eš, gal-bi-šè (synonym of gal-bé)

gal-di (ppl. of gal - du₁₁) greatly accomplished, pre- eminent, excellent, excelling (ra'bu, tizqāru); cf. gal- gal-di boaster, boasting(?) (mukabbiru) (Attinger, Eléments 510ff.)

gal - zu to be very wise, all-knowing, able

gal₄-la vulva

gal₅-lá (or galla) constable (Ur III) (cf. Civil "prosecu- tor," AV Hallo 74, rare after Ur III); a demonic bailiff of the netherworld (post-Ur III)

gal₅-lá-gal chief constable (Ur III)

gala (cultic) hymn/lamentation singer, temple liturgist (cf. Gelb, StOr 46, 64-74; W. Roscoe, History of Religions 35/3 [1996] 213-217)

GALAM → sukud

(ĝiš)galam, ga-lam stair, step (of a ladder) (Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 176) (nakbasu); ladder, staircase (Steinkeller, AV Biggs 227 n. 20) (simmiltu) Cf. kun_4-5

galam to (make) rise in stages, steps (Landsberger, AfO 12, 55) (summulu)

galam(-ma), ga-lam(-ma) artfully wrought/fashioned, artful, clever, skillful (naklu); stepped, storied (mountains) (Steinkeller, AV Biggs 227 n. 20)

galam-kad_3/5 artfully wrought, well formed

galla → gal₅-lá gam → gurum

gàm handle (of a knife), hilt

gan-tuš resident, tenant (waššābu)

gána field area, agricultural tract, (cultivated) ground or land (Powell, JCS 25, 178-184)

GANA₂ → a-šà(g), iku, kár

ganam₄ ewe, sheep (cf. u₈) (Civil, AV Biggs 18)

ganzir(IGI.KUR.ZA) (netherworld entrance) (Katz, AV Klein 191-193)

gàr - dar to subdue, overcome

gára → ga-àr

garadin (karadin) sheaf (kurullu) (MSL 14, 50; MSL 9, 117)

gáraš(KI.KAL.BAD) disaster, catastrophe in ka- gáraš-a mouth/opening of catastrophe (poetic) (Civil, AV Biggs 19) (pî karašîm)

gašam expert, master craftsman, artisan, wise person; master, mistress

gaz to crush; to smite, slaughter, kill (Read nàĝa in some meanings; see also gum.)

gišgaz → ĝiš-gaz, ^gišnàĝa

gazi wild licorice (Steinkeller, AOS 68, 92; Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 214); previously cassia(?) (kasû)

ge(n) → gi(n)

géme (OS var. gan) (dependent) woman; female serf (Maiocchi, CUSAS 13, 36); female slave, servant, worker (Gelb, AV Diakonoff 91-93)

géme-àr-àr female miller (some read géme-kíkken)

géšpu, gešba strength; fight, wrestling match (Sallaberger, Der kultische Kalender I 178 n. 838)

gi reed; measuring-reed, "rod" (a length measure = 6

kùš = ca. 2.5 meters) (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 125-146)

gi(n), ge(n), gi-in to be firm, stable, secure, true; to make firm, confirm, prove, verify, certify, guarantee; to standardize (weights or measures)

gi(n), gi-na right, true, truthful; firm, secure; n. gi-na

regular dues (Sjöberg, AV Limet 127)

gi-di(-da) reed flute (player); cf. lú-gi-di-da flutist

gi-diš-ninda(n) measuring-reed of one nindan length (one gi is normally 1/2 nindan in length)

gi-dù-a reed fence (surrounding fields, Ur III)

gi (ér-ra) - du₁₁ to play the flute/oboe (of lamentation) (Attinger, Eléments 514-516)

gi-dub-ba (reed) stylus

gi-dur umbilical cord

gi-èn-bar, NE.GI-bar (a kind of reed); cf. še-NE.GI- bar (a kind of millet?) (read perhaps gi-li-bar)

gi-gíd flute or double-oboe (like the Gk. aulos)

gi-gun₄(-na), gi-gù-na cella, chapel (on top of the temple tower or upper terrace), divine audience chamber and living quarters (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 323-329; Steinkeller, AV Biggs 229 + n. 27)

gi-gur reed basket

gi-henbur(GAG), young reed

gi-izi-lá torch

gi-kaskal traveling basket

gi-kid → ^gikid

gišgi-muš steering-oar, punting-pole(?) (Powell, BSA 6, 117f.)

gi-na → gi(n) GI.NA.AB.DU₇/TUM → é-šutum_(x) gi-nindan → gi-diš-ninda, nindan

gi-rin (or ^gigirin_x) n. flower; adj. flowered, blooming (Civil, AV Biggs 24f.) (cf. gurun fruit)

gi-sal (reed fence or screen on the roof of a building)

gi-sun mature, old reed

gi-šukur-ra → šukur

gi-zi reed shoots, fodder reed (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 129f.)

gi₄ to return; to remit; to send after, back, over; to send as a messenger; to turn away, aside, back; to bar, close up, lock away, withhold; to be sated; elliptical for inim

- gi₄ to answer, respond (A rare /r/ Auslaut is seen in Pohl, TMH nf 1 4:9.)

gi₄-me-a-aš colleague

GI₆ → gíg, ĝi₆

gi₇(r) (gir₁₅), gi(r) (gir_x) native, local, indigenous, domestic, domesticated (Steinkeller, AV Klein 305- 310; BSA 8, 64 n. 30) Steinkeller proposes an underlying pronunciation [ⁿgir] or [ⁿgid^r]. ePSD reads ĝir₁₅. Cf. ur-gi₇(r) and eme-gi₇(r). Borger AOAT 305 states only ge₇ occurs in vocabularies, not gi₇ or gir₁₅.

gi₁₆(l/b), gil/b, gilim/b to lie across, bar, block, obstruct (Civil, AV Biggs 24 reads gili^mb)

gi₁₆-sa adj. lasting, enduring, permanent; n. treasure (šukuttu)

gi₁₆-sa(-aš/šè) - a₅ to make (into a) lasting (thing)

gi₁₆-gi₁₆-sa jewels(?) (Ludingira 26)

gibil v. and adj. (to be) new, fresh

gíd to be long, lengthen; to pull, draw, drag, tow (a boat); to stretch, tighten (strings); to measure, survey; to milk (for the first meaning compare sù(d))

gíd(-da) long

gidim (i.e. g/kid/tim) ghost (Civil, AV Biggs 24) (eţemmu) (for sign form see Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 139)

gig (gib, kib) wheat

gig to be sore, painful, sick, weak; to be bad, evil, bitter, hateful; to be interdicted, "taboo"

gig-bé bitterly

gíg(GI₆), gi₆(g) black ePSD reads giggi like babbar when simplex, but gi₆- gi₆ when reduplicated. See ku₁₀ and cf. ĝi₆ night (Civil, EBLA 1975-1985, 155 n. 32.)

gišgigir chariot, wagon

gil/b, gilim/b → gi₁₆(l/b)

gigilim entwined reed cords, cables (used as construction material) (Waetzoldt, BSA 6, 132-134)

gín (giĝ₄) shekel (a weight = 1/60 ma-na = 8 gr.); (an axe? Cf. aga, tùn/agà) Proto Ea 718 supports a pronunciation /giĝ/, though /gin/ seems correct for OS; see Krecher, ZA 63, 199.

gir young cow, heifer

gir₄ oven

gir₄-bil oven-heater, stoker giri₁₇-zal joy, delight; luxury gišgisal oar

gissu(n) (gizzu(n)) → ĝissu GIŠGAL-di → ùlu-di

gizzal - a₅ to heed, pay attention to gu flax; linen(?); thread, string; snare gu-du buttocks

gu-la large; larger, greater (see Krecher, Or 47, 384 "groβ gegenüber einem anderen") (variant of gal-(l)a; both ma-sá-gal-gal and ma-sá-gu-la occur in DP 51 i 1, iv 5)

gu-lá bunch, bundle (tied with string)

gu-kilib → gu-níĝin

gu-níĝin bale (Heimpel, CDLI: CDLN 2003:003 argues against conventional reading gu-kilib)

gu-ul (variant of both gal and gul)

gu-šúm cuneiform sign, script, wedge impression

gišgu-za chair, throne

gišgu-za-bára dais-seat, throne

gú(n), gú-un (or gún^un) load, burden; tax, tribute; talent (a weight = 60 ma-na = 28.8 kg.)

gú neck, shoulders; edge, bank, shore (of a canal, river, sea); totality; cf. gú-gú region (Pre-Sarg.)

gú - a₅ to submit

gú-(a-)ab-ba seashore

gú-an-šè grand total, all together

gú - dù to hate; to refuse, neglect

gú - è to wear, be wrapped, enveloped, clothed, clad in

túggú-è coat (nahlaptu) (also with wood or leather determinatives, see Ferwada, Isin 19f.)

gú-en(-na) throne room, audience hall (lit. "totality of lords")

gú-gal (kù-ĝál in Ur III) (chief) water regulator, canal inspector (gugallu) (Steinkeller, Sales Documents 233)

gú - ĝar to gather, assemble

gú (ki-šè) - ĝar to lower the head, prostrate oneself, submit

gú ĝiš - ĝar/ĝál to put a neckstock on, make wear a yoke, subjugate (cf. ĝiš-gú)

gú - gid₂ to spy

gú - gur to gather together, assemble, pile up, stock up, pack full

gú-gur₅(-ru(-uš)) - a₅/du₁₁ to trim, strip, cut off (Attinger, Eléments 519-523)

gú-haš back of the head, nape, mane (older reading gú-tar possibly correct in some contexts; cf. the loanword kutallu)

gú-haš - lá to dress the hair

gú - lá to lean over; to hang the head, submit; cf. gú ki- šè - lá to fall prostrate

gú - lá (with -da-), gú-da - lá to embrace

gú - si to gather, assemble

gú-si-a all, all together, assembled

gú - sè to devote oneself to

gú - šub to neglect

gú-TAR → gú-haš

gú - zi to busy, occupy oneself with

gù voice, sound

gù - dé to speak, say, address; to summon, designate, call

gù - du₁₁ to make noise, give voice, cry out; to chant (Attinger, Eléments 526-536)

gù - dúb to shout, cry, scream

gù - è to emit a cry, sound; to roar

gù-nun - du₁₁ to make a loud noise, to cry out loudly

gù-nun-di (that which is) making a loud noise

gù - ra(h) to roar, yell, cry out (šasû)

gù - šúm to repeat, echo

gu₄-alim bison bull

gu₄-ĝiš yoked ox, work-ox (OB and later: ox older than 3 years)

gu₄-si-dili battering-ram (Sjöberg, AV Klein 296)

gu₇ (conventionally read kú) to eat; to have the use of; to consume (by some means)

gu₄-ud to jump, dance, prance

gub to stand, stand open, make stand, station; to erect, plant; to serve, be on duty, assist; in phrases igi PN+ak+a - gub, igi-PRO+a - gub to be at someone's disposal, service. Plural forms: su₈(g), šu₄(g) (Thomsen, Sumerian Language p. 134)

gúb(LI)-ba pure (ellu) (Yuhong, NABU 1990/3, 86); cf. a-gúb-ba lustration water, holy water

gùb(-bu), gùbu, gáb, ga-ba left, left side (cf. á-gùb- bu)

gud(r) → gu₄(dr) gùd nest

gùd - ús to build a nest

gudu₄(g) (an ordinary kind of priest, conventionally translated 'lustration' or 'purification' priest) (the older rdg. gúda is still seen) (pašīšu)

na4gug carnelian

gúg sweet cake

gukkal kun-gal) (Steinkeller, BSA 8, 51)

gul, gu-ul to destroy

gul, gu-ul to add, augment, make great(er) (verbal by- form of gal)

GUL.BU (a tree and its wood; some connect with Akk.

dulbu plane tree) (Powell, BSA 6, 112f.)

gum, kum (read naĝ_x/naĝa₄ in some meanings) to crush, pulverize, smash, beat to pieces (cf. gaz)

gùn, gùnu to be dappled, spotted, mottled, (multi)colored, colorful, decorated with colorful materials (cf. še-gu-nu) Sign is REC 34. See Steinkeller, BSA 8, 68 n. 103 for the gùn/dar vs. si₄ sign contrast.)

gùn, gùn-na, gùn-gùn (multi)colored, dappled variegated, speckled

gur, gur₄ to turn, go around; to turn away; to return; to roll

gur → gur₄

gur "kor" (a capacity measure = 30 bán = 300 silà = ca. 250 liters in Ur III and OB)

gur-saĝ-ĝál (a Lagash I capacity measure = 4 ul = 144

silà = ca. 121 liters)

gúr → gam

gùr to bear, carry; to be clad with

gur₄, kur₄, gur to be thick, enlarged, swollen; to be proud, (self-)important; to fatten (animals)

gur₄(-ra) fat, fattened, thick; proud

gur₄ → gur

gur₄-gur₄, gur₈-gur₈ amphora (for beer) (Steinkeller, Third-Millennium Texts p. 53f.; Powell, RLA 7, 506f.; Selz, FAOS 15/2, 405)

gur₅-ru(-uš), gùruš, gú-guru₅ - du₁₁ to strip away, cut off (kasāmu), tear to pieces; to despoil; adj. gur₅-a stripped away (Attinger, Eléments 519-525)

gur₅-ru-uš/gùruš - búr to bear the teeth/fangs, gnash the teeth (Civil, AV Biggs 28) (qarāšu)

gur₇, guru₇ grain store, granary; grain-heap (as a measure); heap, pile (now read kara₆ in this meaning by Marchesi, LUMMA 111 + n. 569)

urudugur₁₀ sickle (cf. še - gur₁₀ to harvest grain)

gurud(NUN-tenû.KI) to throw

gurum (gúr), gur to bend, bow down, crouch; to lay low, kill (older reading gam)

gurúm → kur₇

gurun fruit; fruitfulness, ripeness, lusciousness, abundance (cf. gi-rin flower) (Civil, AV Biggs 25)

*guškin (obsolete rdg. of → kù-sig₁₇)

gušur_x(GIŠ.RAB.GAL) great clamp (for immobilizing enemies/miscreants, poetic; see Civil, AV Hallo 43 and cf. ^gišrab)

Ĝ

ĝá shed, barn, enclosure (or the like)

ĝá → ĝar

ĜÁ-dub-ba (a high-ranking official in civil and temple administrations) (šandabakku) (Sjöberg, AV Limet 133)

ĝá-la - dag/tag₄ to stop, leave off work, cease; cf. ĝá-la nu-dag-ge (that which) is unceasing, incessant

ĝá-nu (i.e. ĝe₂₆-nu) → du/ ĝen (ventive imperative)

ĝá-ra → ĝar

ĝál to exist, be present; to cause to be, produce, provide; to be in the care or possession of (-da-)

ĝál - tag₄ to open (often elliptically just ĝál in imperatives)

ĝalga thought, mind, understanding; counsel

ĝanba market price, value

ĝanun, ĝá-nun storehouse, warehouse

ĝar to put, place, set, situate; to set up, establish, institute; to put down, restrain, oppress, stop; to set aside; to plate, inlay. Imperf. form: ĝá-ĝá. Based on Proto-Ea, Civil now distinguishes two roots, ĝar "put" and gar "pile up(?)". The Ur III writings or glosses ĝá- ar or ĝá-ra make the choice of the former explicit; the latter can be seen in such phrases as nì-ga-ra "property" or saĝ-nì-ga-ra "capital," where ga is currently read gur₁₁.

ĜAR.DU → nindan

ĝarza (divine) rite, ordinance (cf. biluda)

ĝen ordinary (quality)

ĝen, ĝe₂₆(n) → du

ĝéš(d) sixty (Steinkeller, ZA 69, 176-187; Edzard, AV Klein 106) (cf. ugula-ĝešta/ĝéš-da)

ĝéš-u seventy; six hundred (Edzard, AV Klein 106)

ĝešpa(ĜIŠ.ŠUB) javelin (conventionally "throw- stick") (reading uncertain, cf. ^gišilar)

ĝeštin grape; wine(?) (Badler, BaM 27 (1996) 42 notes: “appears on plant and fruit lists, not in contexts that can definitely be translated as a grape liquid”) See also → tin 'wine'.

ĝeštin-bil-lá vinegar (lit. spoiled wine, see pe-el-lá)

ĝeštin-HÁD raisin (read probably -àh)

ĝeštu(g)_1-3 ear; intelligence, mind, understanding, reason

ĝéštu(g) - a₅ to listen to, pay attention to

ĝéštu-bad wide wisdom

ĝéštu - ĝar to pay attention to, pay heed to, listen to

ĝéštu - gub to decide to do, plan ĝi₆ night (see also gíg and ku₁₀) ĝi₆-MAŠ → ĝi₆-sa₉

ĝi₆-pàr, ĝi₆-par₄, OS ĝipar_x (KISAL) residence of the high priest(ess) (Krebernik & Steinkeller, ZA 75, 46; Steinkeller, Priests and Officials (1996) 109f.)

ĝi₆-sa₉(MAŠ) midnightţ

ĝi₆-ù-na, ĝi₆-un-na midnight, night

gišĝidri, ĝidru scepter

ĝin → du

ĝír to flash (cf. nim - ĝír) ĝír, ĝíri knife, dagger ĝír(-tab) scorpion

ĝír-lá butcher

ĝìr, ĝìri (also ĝír in Gudea) foot; path, way; conveying/ routing official, "via" (in Ur III administrative texts, cf. Steinkeller, JESHO 24, 117 n. 20; Owen, JNES 33, 174 ad 91:7)

ĝìr - dab₅ to take the road, follow the path

ĝìr - du₁₁ to use the foot (hapax in Gilgameš and Enkidu 165f.) (Attinger, Eléments 537)

ĝìr - ĝar to step, tread upon; to prepare the way, make possible

ĝìr - gub to step in/into, set foot on/in; to stand there

ĝìr-KIN - du₁₁ → ĝìri-sag₁₁ - du₁₁

ĝìr-kúr - dab₅ to take a wrong path, an unfamiliar path; to leave, abandon

ĝìr-lam (a small basket or container for fruits, eggs, fish) (Landsberger, Date Palm 37; Attinger, AV Schretter 70)

ĝìr-pad-rá bone

ĝìr-saga₁₁(KIN) - du₁₁ to trample under foot, crush (reading secured by syllabic -sa-ga in Shulgi X 88; see Attinger, Eléments 538-540)

ĝìr-sè-ga domestic servant, menial

ĝìri - ús to step on, tread on

ĝìri - zé-er to slip

ĝiskim sign, mark; signal (Ur III) (Civil, AuOr 8, 110 and AV W. Lambert 109)

ĝiskim-ti trust, trusted

ĝissu(n) (ĝizzu(n)) shade, shadow; protection (reading with /ĝ/ is not completely secure, see Krecher AV Matouš II 46f.)

ĝiš tree; wood, timber, piece of wood, log; yoke (some read ĝeš)

ĝiš - bar → ka-aš - bar

ĝiš-búr snare, trap

ĝiš - dù to bring an offering (Sjöberg, AV Limet 139) ĝiš-gana, ĝiš-gan-na wooden pestle; (door) bolt, bar ĝiš-gaz pestle (cf. ^gišnàga(GAZ) mortar)

ĝiš-gi canebrake, reed thicket

ĝiš-gi-na, ĝiš-gin₇(-na) warp-beam of a loom; (a writing for ĝiš-gana)

ĝiš-gi₄-ĝál antiphon(?) (an OB hymn rubric)

ĝiš-gíd-da spear, lance (Römer, AfO 40/41, 24-28)

ĝiš-gú neckstock (cf. gú ĝiš - ĝar/ĝál)

ĝiš-gù-di (or ^gišgù-di ?) lute(?); musical instrument in general(?)

ĝiš-ĝìr foot fetters (Molina, JNES 63, 13 + n. 93) (kurşû)

ĝiš-hé firmament, vault of heaven

ĝiš - hur to incise, draw, make a plan or drawing

ĝiš-hur drawing, plan; divine design ĝiš-ká-na(-k) door-frame (giškanakku) ĝiš - kéš to dam, block a watercourse ĝiš-kéš-da wier, dam

ĝiš-kíĝ-ti handiwork; craftsman

ĝiš-nú or ^gišgešnù(NÚ) bed (1st reading with ePSD, 2nd following Mittermayer & Attinger, Altbabylon- ische Zeichenliste No. 364, with Proto-Ea 843.

Conventional reading is ^gišnú, but the word occurs with and without determinative, for example DP 490 i 1-2, ii 1, iv 5; DP 427 i 1-3 (OS), BiOr 42, 20 (Ur III). Cf.

Steinkeller, OrAnt 19, 79 n. 1.)

ĝiš-nu₁₁ → ĝišnu_x(NU₁₁), ^ĝišĝišnu_x

ĝiš - ra to strike, hit, beat upon; to thresh

ĝiš-rín balance, scales (gišrinnu)

ĜIŠ.RU → ĝešpa, ^gišilar ĝiš-šu manacles, handcuffs GIŠ.ŠUB → ^gišilar

ĝiš - šub to cast lots ĝiš-šub(-ba) lot; share ĝiš - tag to sacrifice

ĝiš - tuku to listen to, hear; to heed, obey

ĝiš ur-ur-e/šè - lá to engage or compete in combat.

ĝiš-ùr (ePSD now reads ^ĝišĝušur) roof beam, rafter (>

gušūru)

ĝiš-zi(-da) (side) wall (Powell, BSA 6, 112, argues against standard reading iz-zi, q.v.; perhaps two different words?)

ĝìš, ĝiš penis

ĝìš - dù to "insert the penis," copulate, mate

ĝìš - du₁₁ to "do the penis," copulate

ĝišbun, ĝišbun_x(KI.KAŠ) banquet, feast, party

ĝišgal (astral) station(?) (manzāzu) (cf. Lugale I 24)

gišĝišimmar → ^gišnimbar

ĝišnu_x(NU₁₁), ^ĝišĝišnu_x (or ĝiš-nu₁₁) light (nūru); alabaster (Marchesi, SEL 16, 10)

ĝitlam, nitadam(MI₂.US₂.DAM) husband; spouse (PSD reads munus-nita-dam; ePSD prefers ĝitlam) (ES: mu-ud-na)

ĝizzal attention

ĝizzal - a₅ to pay attention to, attend, heed

ĝuruš (young) man; able man, adult male worker, laborer (Civil, AV Biggs); male serf (Maiocchi, CUSAS 13, 36) (eţlu)

H

ha-la share, portion (see hal)

ha-lam to be lost, forgotten; to destroy, annihilate, obliterate (Emesal gel-le-èĝ) (Civil, AV Biggs 19) (halāqu)

ha(z), ha-za, ha-ha(-za) to hold fast to, retain; to grasp, understand

gišha-lu-úb oak(?) (cf. PSD B 88)

ha-luh → hu-luh

gišha-šu-úr (a type of cypress)

ha-za-núm mayor

uruduha-zi(-in) axe

habrud(a) (wr. LAGARxU, DU₆xU, KIxU) hole, burrow (hurru) (Yuhong, AV Klein 374-384) .

hád (cultically) pure (Foxvog, JCS 46, 12-14)

HÁD dry, dried (reading probably àh) (see Foxvog, JCS 46, 13 n. 7)

hal, ha(l), hal-ha, ha-la to divide, apportion, allot

hal-hal fast-flowing

har, har-har ring, bracelet; coil, spiral

HAR-gud → mur-gu₄

gišhar-har (a stringed instrument)

HAR-ra → ur₅(-ra)

har-ra-an road, highway (Civil, AV Biggs 19) (harrānu)

HAR-tud (OS) (a kind of domestic servant) (read probably àr-dú; see also ìr)

harub(DAG+KISIM₅xU₂.GIR₂) carob

haš, ha-aš to cut, split open (Civil, AV Sigrist 42) haš(-a) (OS haš-ša₄) broken, crippled (limb) haš₄, háš thigh

gišhašhur apple (tree, wood, fruit) (Steinkeller, Third- Millennium Texts p. 57)

hé-àm, hé-a Let it be (so)! (interjection, verbal form, and substantive; cf. hé-àm - du₁₁ to accede to, approve)

hé-du₇ distinguished (in appearance), ornament

HE₂-du₇ (read perhaps gan-du₇) architrave

hé-ĝál abundance, prosperity

hé-nun, hi-nun abundant, luxuriant; abundance

hi to mix

hi-li (female) sexual charm, allure, appeal; ripeness, physical prime; luxuriance; wig

gišHU (In Gudea Statue E: a container, or an Akk. loan is-hu "string" of fruits?); (Bauer, AV Klein 27 suggests a "rack" or "frame")

hu-luh. huluh, ha-luh to tremble, be afraid; to be fearsome; to scare, frighten (Sjöberg, AV Klein 300 +

n. 14; Civil, AV Biggs 28)

HU-ri₍₂₎-in → u₁₁-ri-in

hu-ru(-um) dolt, bungler, idiot, inferior

húb, hub to heap up; to smite, destroy (in this meaning better reading is tu₁₁, tu₁₀)

húb - sar to run

huĝ (still regularly written hun) to hire; to install in office; to be calm, soothed, quieted; to be well- disposed toward

hul to ruin, damage, destroy

hul(-a) evil, bad; adv. evilly

hul-bé, hul-bi-šè evilly, miserably

hul-ĝál evil, evildoer hul - gig to hate, dislike hul-gig hatred, hostility

hul - ti to dwell in wretchedness; to be spoiled

HÚLmušen → bibramušen

húl to rejoice, delight in, be happy

húl(-la) happy, joyous; joy

húl-bi-šè, húl-la-bé, húl-la-e happily, joyfully

hun → huĝ

hur to scratch; to incise, draw

hur, hur-ru-um hole in the ground, cave (Civil, JNES 31, 385)

HUR → àr, har, kikken, mur, ur₅ hur-ru-um cave

hur-saĝ mountain range, highlands, foothills, mountains (Steinkeller, AV Biggs 223-232)

hur-saĝ-galam-ma stepped, storied mountain (the ziggurrat in Ur or Nippur) (Waetzoldt, AV Klein 331- 332)

huš fierce, furious, terrifying, terrible; fiery, red-yellow

I

i, i-i (by-form of è) to sprout, come forth; to praise

i-bí, ì-bí smoke (qutru)

úi-li-nu-uš (a plant)

i-lu cry; wail, lament; song

i-lu - du₁₁ to perform, intone an i-lu (cf. ulù-di lament singer) (Attinger, Eléments 555-563)

i-lu-lam-ma (herder's) work-song

i-lu-šà-ga heart-felt song

i-ne-eš → ì-ne-éš

giši/ì-ri₉-na root

i-si-iš laughter, delight; derisive laughter, derision; wailing, grief (J.G. Westenholz, AV Klein 361)

i-si-iš - ĝar to afflict with grief, deride(?)

i-si-iš - lá to be full of laughter, delight; to suffer derision; to be be afflicted with worries (Krecher, Sumerische Kultlyrik 89ff.)

i-ti → iti₆

i-^dutu cry or appeal for justice (Steiner, AOAT 253, 407-410)

i-zi (flood-)wave, swells (Heimpel, RlA 9, 153f.; Alster, AV Klein 6)

i-zi, iz-zi wall (of a building); fence (cf. ĝiš-zi)

ì, ìa oil; fat, tallow; butter

ì-áb-a butterfat

ì-bí-za financial loss

ì-du₁₀(-ga) fine, sweet-smelling oil

ì-gi₄-in-zu, igi-zu as if, as though (but cf. Alster ASJ 9, 34)

ì-ĝiš vegetable oil; sesame oil

ì-hi-nun-na precious oil

ì-ir-a perfumed, scented oil

ì-li fine(st) oil

ì-ne-éš/eš, i-ne-éš, ne-éš (ne-šè), e-ne-éš now, finally (Sjöberg, JCS 25, 131)

ì-nun(-na) (clarified) butter, ghee (Stol, BSA 7, 101- 103, RlA 8, 197)

(lú)ì-rá-rá perfumer, ointment mixer (muraqqû)

ì-šáh pork fat, lard

ì-šim aromatic oil, perfumed oil

ì-šub → ^gišù-šub ì-ti → iti₆

ì-udu sheep-fat, tallow (ePSD now reads lib_x) (lipû)

i₇(d) (íd) river, canal, channel

i₇-ki-sur-ra(-k) boundary canal

i₇-lú-ru-gú ordeal-river (often divinized)

ía, í five (Edzard, AV Klein 101)

ib → eb, ub

íb waist, hips, loins íb anger, rage, fury íb-lá belt

-íb/ib-ra-aš → -braš ibila, i-bí-la heir i7idigna the Tigris

idim spring, underground waters

idim fierce, wild

gišig door

igi eye; sight, vision, view; face, countenance; front

igi-a - gub → gub

igi-a - sa₆ to be favored, pleasing in the eyes of someone.

igi - bar to look at, gaze at, regard (Krecher, AV Kutscher 108-111)

igi(-šè) - du to go at the fore, precede

igi-du one who precedes, goes at the fore, harbinger, herald(?) (ālik mahri) (cf. palil and igištu)

IGI.DU → igištu

igi - du₈ to see, look at; to experience

igi-ésir (a kind of bitumen, perhaps "surface crude bitumen") (pan ittî) (Civil, NABU 1989/62)

igi - ĝál to see, look upon, look into; to comprehend

igi-ĝál outlook, view; comprehension, intelligence, wisdom; wise person

igi - ĝar to regard, gaze at; to confront, face

IGI.GAR → kur₇

igi - gid₂ to look angrily at (nekelmû)

igi - íl to raise the eyes toward, look towards, regard

igi - kár to inspect, examine (Steinkeller, ASJ 4 (1982) 149-151)

igi - lib/lib₄(IGI) to be sleepless

igi-niĝin-na-ka in the twinkle of an eye

igi-nim upper (land); above

igi-nu-du₈ (in Pre-Sarg. Lagash, a class of menial workers who could be bought and sold)

igi-NUM-ĝál (a fraction, e.g. igi-3-ĝál one third)

igi - ri to set eyes upon, gaze at

igi - saĝ₅(LAK 159)/zàĝ(ŠID) to examine, check; to select (nasāqu, bêru) (Proto Ea 557)

igi - sè(g) to look at, inspect

igi-šè before, in(to) the presence of; often in the phrases igi PN-ak-šè or igi-PRONOUN-šè

igi-te-en meshes of a net

igi-tur - gíd to sneer at, distain

igi-zu → i-gi₄-in-zu

igištu(IGI.DU) foremost (ašarēduigi-šè-du)

iku (an area measure = 1/18 bùr = 100 sar = ca. 3,528 sq. meters)

íl v. to lift, raise, bear, carry; to bear (fig.), endure; n. carrier, porter

ÍL(-ĝá) → ga₆(ĝ)

gišíldag poplar

íldu(m)(IGI.NAGAR.BU) clan

gišilar(ŠUB), illar, illuru throw-stick, spear, or javelin (?) (see Römer, AfO 40/41, 32-38) (cf. ^gišĝešpa)

íldag, ildag₄ poplar(?) (ildakku, adaru)

ilimmu  nine  (Edzard, AV Klein 103)

im clay, earth (as building material); tablet

im wind (can also be read → tum_9, tumu, tu₁₅(m)) im rain (probably to be read šeg₇)

im(-ma) previous year (in OS; later written mu-im- ma, cf. šaddagda)

IM.A rainstorm(?) (see Flückiger-Hawker, Urnamma p. 222)

im-babbar, im-bábbar gypsum (gaşşu)

im-dub → in-dub

im-dù-a, im-du₈-a mud-brick wall, adobe wall (pitiqtu) (cf. Sallaberger, Töpfer p. 12; Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 172))

im-du₈ dew

IM.DUGUD → muru₉ IM.DUGUD^mušen → anzu^mušen

im-gíd-da long tablet, one-column tablet

IM.MImušen → ánzumušen

im-mir/mer (or better tum₉-mir) north wind

im-ri-a, im-ru-a clan, family, kin (Selz, AV Schretter 584, suggests reading ní-ri/ru-a)

im-šu(-k) "hand-tablet" (a type of tablet or writing exercise, a paragraph or extract?) (Civil, AV Birot 75)

im-šu-rin(-na) oven; brazier(?)

im-tuku₄ buffeting wind

im-u₁₈-lu, im-ulù south wind

ím strange, alien, other

imĝaĝa_1-3 → ZÍZ.AN

imin seven; "many, all" (poetic) (Edzard, AV Klein 102f., now reads umin)

in straw, chaff (cf. in-nu)

in insult, taunt, invective (pištu)

in - a₅ to insult, abuse

in-dì(TI), in-di road, course, way

in-dub(-ba), im-dub (heap of earth serving as a boundary marker) (substantivized verbal form) (Sjöberg, Or 39 [1970] 81) (pilku)

in - dub to define a district (probably a back-formation from in-dub) (palāku)

in(-šè) - dúb to hurl (as) an insult, insult

in-nin₍₉₎ lady, mistress

in-nu, in-u straw (cf. in) in-nu-ha (a kind of barley)

dinanna(-k) goddess of passion, love and war, city- goddess of Uruk (reading ^dinana has become common,

but Attinger, NABU 2007/37, favors the traditional reading with double /n/ )

inim-ĝar legal claim, complaint; oracular utterance (in this meaning perhaps read i₅-ĝar > Akk. egirrû)

inim - gi(n) to confirm, make firm, guarantee

inim - gi₄ to answer, repond; to revoke

inim-inim-ma incantation; counsel(?) (cf. Cooper ad

Curse of Agade 30 & 70)

inim - kúr to (try to) alter the words; to vindicate, go back to court concerning

inim-ma - sè(g) to inspire, encourage(?); to put into words or concepts, plan out ( Jacobsen, JCS 41, 85 n. 26); to imagine (Civil, AV Birot 75)

ir smell, scent, fragrance

ir-nun princely fragrance; perfume (cf. Ukg 4 x 11-13)

ir - si-im to smell, sniff

ír → ér

ìr, ir₁₁, arad, árad male slave, servant. (a) Pre-Sarg. èr/ìr(NÍTA) or ir₁₁(NÍTAxKUR) and àr-dú. (b) Sarg. àr-dú abandoned in favor of arad(NÍTA) or árad(NÍTAxKUR). (c) Sarg. and Ur III arad/árad and ìr/ir₁₁ are all possible (Gelb, AV Diakonoff 82ff.) Some editors now prefer just ARAD or ÁRAD everywhere. (ardu)

ir₇(KASKAL)^mušen uršānu-dove (Sollberger, AfO

mušen

inim (or enim) word; command; matter, affair

inim - bal to exchange words, converse, have a dialogue; to interpret

inim - du₁₁ to say, speak, tell, declare (Attinger, Eléments 490-501) Old syntax: 'to do words about (-a) something'. The verb also commonly occurs elliptically as du₁₁ alone, while retaining the older dimensional

40/41 52f., Ur III Drehem); compare ir₇-saĝ

pidgeon(?) (PSD A/2 195a)

iri(URU) → uru

irigal (or urugal) netherworld; grave (poetic)

gišísimu, ìsimu sprout, shoot

iš(i) sand dune (bāşu); (previously: mountain,

wild

marking in the verbal chain.

inim-ĝál-la legal claim (OB)

inim - ĝar to put a matter (to someone, for judgment), raise a legal claim, sue, litigate

mountainous country) (Steinkeller, AV Biggs 219-222)

išib āšipu) diškur god of rain, patron of Karkara iti₆(UD.^dNANNA), ì-ti, i-ti moonlight

itima(-k), itim-ma (or itima^ma) dark chamber, bedchamber, cella

itu(d) or iti(d) month; cf. itu-da monthly

iz-zi → i-zi izi fire

izi - bar₇ to blaze

izi-bar₇-bar₇-ra blazing fire

izi-ĝar torch

izi - lá to light a fire; to refine, purify with fire (?) (Bauer, AfO 40/41, 95) (cf. gi-izi-lá torch)

izi - mú to light a fire

izi - ri to set fire to

izi - šúm (also sè(g)?) to set fire to

izi - te(n) to extinguish a fire

K

ka(k), ka(g) mouth; opening; origin, beginning, inception (see Attinger, ZA 95, 47f. for k/g refs.)

ka-al(-ak) excavation, brickmaking pit (> kalakku) (Heimpel, JNES 46, 208)

ka-aš(-bar) (divine) decision

ka-aš(-bar) - bar, ga-eš₈ - bar, giš - bar to decide, render a (divine) verdict

ka - ba to open the mouth; to talk, speak (cf. Krecher, AV Kutscher II 117f.)

ka - du₈ to open wide the mouth, roar

ka-guru₇(-k) granary superintendant, head grain stores keeper (Steinkeller, Sale Documents 199f.)

ka-gáraš-a catastrophe, annihilation (pî karašîm)

KA - kéš to put together, collect, muster, organize, form

KA-kešda contingent, group, collection

ka-mè opening, beginning of battle

ka - si-il to graze

ka-tab lid, cover

KA-tar - si-il to extol, sing the praises of, proclaim the glory of (for the meaning of the verb compare perhaps ka-ta-ar-zu he-si-li-im CT 44, 14:33')

ka-téš unity; unified, of one mind

ka-téš-a - sè(g) to unify

ka-téš-a sè-ga unanimous, harmonious

ká(n) gate (read perhaps ákan/kan₄; see Attinger ZA 88, 182) (cf. ĝiš-ká-na)

KÁ.GAL → abul

káb - du₁₁ to measure ( with a container); to verify, test, check (Attinger, Eléments 572-576; Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 153-163; cf. latāku)

káb-du₁₁-ga (a kind of jar) (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 160-162); "geeichtes Gefäß" (Sallaberger, Töpfer p. 102)

kadra(NÌ.ŠÀ.A), kádra(NÌ.ŠÀ) present (to a superior), offering (cf. Attinger, ZA 87, 115, who reads kádra^a) (Sjöberg, Or 39, 81)

kak → gag

KAL → rib, sig₁₅, sun₇

kal to be precious, dear, valuable

kal(-la) precious; kal-kal(-la) very precious

kala(g) (kalag), kal-la(-g) to be strong, mighty; to strengthen, mend

kal-ga (or kalag-ga) strong, mighty; hard (/kalag+a/

> /kalga/ like /uzud+a/ > /uzda/)

kalam country, nation (normally referring to Sumer, see Jacobsen, AfO 26, 9)

kankal(KI.KAL) bare, fallow ground

kar quay, wharf; market

kar to flee, escape; to take away, remove, strip off; to steal

kar-KID, (OS kar-kid₃) conventionally "prostitute," but now understood as a class of women not living under male authority, an independent woman (harimtu) (Assante, UF 30, 5-97; cf. Glassner, RAI 47, 151ff.)

kár to be bright, shining; to light up, flare up; to provoke, incite (cf. nu-kár-kár-dè without provocation) Wr. GANA₂ (non-tenû) in OS.

kara (GURU ) granary, grain store, grain heap (for

e.g. ki PN-ak-šè "to PN's location > to PN," ki-bi-ta

"from there," ki-ba "here"

KI.A → ki-duru₅, peš₁₀

ki-a-naĝ place of (funerary) libations

ki(g) - áĝ to love

ki-ba - ĝar to replace, substitute, exchange

ki-bala, ki-bal-a rebellious, rebel land

ki-bé - gi₄, ki-bi-šè - gi₄ to return to its original state, restore

ki-bíl-lá hot, scorched place; ki-bíl-bíl-lá hottest place

ki-búr solution (to a riddle)

ki - dar to break through the ground, emerge from the earth (cf. ki-in-dar crevice)

6                      7

reading see Marchesi, LUMMA 111 + n. 569)

ki-dúr stool (ePSD) Cf. → ki-tuš residence

karadin → garadin

ki-duru₅

damp ground, wet place (describing fields)

kaskal road, highway; caravan, expedition

kaš, kas beer

kaš-dé-a feast, banquet

kaš₄ running, race; runner (also lú-kaš₄-e)

kaš₄/kas₄ - du₁₁ to run; to hasten (Attinger, Eléments 578-586)

kéš(d/r) to be bound, tied, joined; to be locked, closed, blocked, stopped, sealed. The root has a /d/ or /r/ Auslaut, and the full finite root may be kešedr; cf.

OBGT 12, 5: saĝ kéš-šè-ra-ab = kişşar and see Steinkeller, JNES 46, 57. The past participle is written kéš-da (kešda^da) or kešda(KÉŠ). Cf. ^giškirid

ki place; ground, earth; (a term for the netherworld); place where (as relative pronoun); used before a GN to designate a state, e.g. ki Lagaš^ki "the state of Lagaš"; used to express spatial ideas with PN's or pronouns,

(Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 69)

ki-e-ne-di, ki-a-ne-di game, play, dance

KI.E.NE.DI.^dINANNA → éšemen

ki-en-gi(r), ki-in-gi(r) Sumer (Steinkeller, AV Klein 308-309, analyzes as ki-^engi(r) with pronunciation [ki- ngir] (cf. gi₇(r)) Perhaps better ki-en-ge(r).

ki-en-gi ki-uri Sumer and Akkad

ki-gal the netherworld; (a term for foundation)

ki-gub(-ba) station, position, standing; constellation ki - ĝar to (firmly) found (buildings), to settle (people) ki-ĝar grounds, settled place

ki-hul funeral (rites)

ki - hur to scratch, paw at the ground

ki-in-dar crevice (nigişşu)

KI.KAL → kankal ki-lá weight

ki-lul-la treacherous, dangerous place

ki-mah grave, cemetery

ki-nú sleeping quarters, resting place, camp; bed

ki-sá (Ur III ki-sá-a) platform (so Suter, ZA 87, 6 in a discussion of sá "square" in Gudea. She finds no direct lexical proof for conventional translation "supporting or retaining wall." (kisû). Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 171 translates "foundation terrace.")

ki-sa₆-ga happy place; happiness ki-sè-ga funeral offerings, rites ki-si-ga quiet, silent place

ki-sikil pure place; young woman, maiden

ki - su-ub to kiss the ground, make obeisance (periphrastic: ki-su-ub - a₅)

ki-su₇(r), ki-sura₁₂ threshing-floor (Civil, Farmer's Instructions p. 94)

ki-sum-ma, ki-šúm-ma onion plot (Prentice, AV Black 256ff.)

ki-sur-ra boundary, border, place of demarcation; demarcated area, territory (var. ki-sur_x(EREN2)-ra in the OS royal inscription Ukg 16)

ki-šár(-ra) horizon; everywhere

ki-še-er - tuku to know moderation, have a limit or barrier; to be off-limits (Civil, RAI 41 = BBVO 18, 260)

ki-šú finale, coda, end (of a song)

ki - tag to lay, put, leave on the ground; to plant; to found (cf. tag₄)

ki - túm to bury

ki-túm grave

ki - tuš to establish, take up residence

ki-tuš seat, residence, dwelling place, habitation

ki-u₄-ba formerly, once when, "once upon a time"

KI.UD → kislah

ki-ul primeval place

ki-ulutin (a mythical place of original creation)

ki-ùr terrace (in a temple complex, especially that of Nippur - a site of divine assemblies)

ki-uri^(ki) the state Akkad

ki(-a/e) - ús to (make) lie on the ground, touch, press the ground; to found, ground, make fast; to compact (earth), pack densely, pile up/accumulate (by wind) (Steinkeller, AV Biggs 226 n. 19)

ki-ús dais(?), cultic seat(?)

ki-ús-sa firmly grounded, founded

ki - za to prostrate oneself, make obeisance

ki-za obeisance, homage

ki-za - túm to refuse obeisance KIB (dedicatory) clay nail gikid reed mat

kíd, kìr to pinch off, cut off

kìd-kìd-da ritual

kíĝ (kin) to seek, search out

kíĝ (kin) work, job; duties (Civil, AV Hallo 76) (kíĝ is now the preferred writing, but the word is still seen written with a final /n/ like hun)

kíĝ - a₅ to perform work, labor kíĝ - du₁₁ to perform work, labor kíĝ-ĝá skilled

kíĝ - gi₄ to send a message

(lú)kíĝ-gi₄-a messenger, envoy; omen, as in Ur III sila₄ kíĝ-gi₄-a omen-lamb (Heimpel, BSA 7, 132f.)

kíĝ-nim (cultic) morning meal, service

kíĝ-sig (cultic) afternoon meal, service

kikkin(HAR), kíkkin(HAR.HAR) millstone, grinding slab Cf. géme-kikkin grinder, miller (some read kín- kín or kinkin_x, others read àr-àr (OB); vars. kikken, na4kikkin-na (see Civil, AuOr Suppl. 22, p. 131f.)

kìlib(-ba) all; kìlib-ba-bi every one of them, all of them

kin → kíĝ

kin-gal leader, expert; dining hall

kinda, kindagal, (kínda in OS) barber; slave marker (gallābu)

kìr → kíd

kìri, kir₄ hyena (būşu) kìri, kir₄ nose, muzzle kìri-dab₅/dab groom

kìri šu - ĝál to show reverence, make the gesture of reverence (the hand held up to the nose), make obeisance; periphrastic: kìri-šu-ĝál - a₅

kìri-zal → giri₁₇-zal

giškirid(KEŠDA) hair clasp (Farber, AV Reiner (1987) 96-99) (kirissu)

kisal courtyard

kisal-luh courtyard sweeper

kislah(KI.ZALAG) empty, uncultivated land, vacant lot

(na4)kišib seal, seal impression; sealed document

kišib - ra to impress a seal

kiši₈ ant

(giš)kišig(Ú.GIR₂-gunû), ^(giš)kiši₁₆ (a kind of acacia) (ašāgu) (Veldhuis, Education 170; Biggs, OIP 99, 69- 70). Heimpel, CUSAS 5, 298 now identifies as shok (= Arabic shauk), a thorny bush, prosopis farcta.

(gis>)kišig₂(GÍR-gunû), ^(giš)kiši₁₇ → (giš)ád ku-li friend (ePSD now reads gu₅-li)